Examples for feature 79A: Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect

Language
Oromo (Harar)
Features
References

: 81

'exist'
jir
exist.1.SG.M.PRES
'exist'
ture
exist.1.SG.M.PST
'exist'
taha
exist.1.SG.M.FUT

Language
Greek (Modern)
Features
References

source: Joseph and Philipaki-Warburton, 1987: 196

, in passim

'be'
íme
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
ímun(a)
be.1.SG.IMPF
'be'
éxo staƟ-í
have.1.SG.PRES stand-PST.PTCP (=PERF.1.SG 'be')
'say'
le(ɣ)-õ
say-1.SG.PRES
'say'
e-leɣ-a
AUGMENT-say-1.SG.PST
'say'
Ɵa le(ɣ)-õ
FUT say-1.SG.PRES
'say'
Ɵa (ei)p-õ
FUT say-1.SG.PRES
'say'
eīp-a
say.1.SG.PST.PFV
'say'
exõ p-eī
have.1.SG.PRES say-PST.PTCP
'see'
blep-õ
see-1.SG.PRES
'see'
e-blep-a
AUGMENT-see-1.SG.PST
'see'
Ɵa blep-õ
FUT see-1.SG.PRES
'see'
Ɵa (i)d-õ
FUT see-1.SG.PRES
'see'
eid-a
see.1.SG.PST.PFV
'see'
exõ id-eī
have.1.SG.PRES see-PST.PTCP
'eat'
tro(ɣ)-õ
eat-1.SG.PRES
'eat'
e-troɣ-a
AUGMENT-eat-1.SG.PST
'eat'
Ɵa tro(ɣ)-õ
FUT eat-1.SG.PRES
'eat'
Ɵa faɣ-õ
FUT eat-1.SG.PRES
'eat'
faɣ-a
eat.1.SG.PST.PFV
'eat'
exõ faɣ-eī
have.1.SG.PRES eat-PST.PTCP

Language
Nunggubuyu
Features
References

#355: 411

'go'
ɽuma-ŋ
go-PUNC.NON.PST1
'go'
ɽumi-ø
go-PUNC.NON.PST2
'go'
ɽuma-ɲ
go-PUNC.PST
'go'
ya-ŋgi
go-DUR.PST
'go'
yā-rī
go-DUR.NON.PST

Language
Spanish
Features

source: personal knowledge

'be'
ser
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
era
be.1.SG.IMPF
'be'
fui
be.1.SG.PRET
'be'
sere
be.1.SG.FUT
'go'
voy
go.1.SG.PRES
'go'
iba
go.1.SG.IMPF
'go'
fui
go.1.SG.PRET
'go'
ire
go.1.SG.FUT

Language
Russian
Features

source: Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, p.c.

'be, there is, have'
est'
be.PRES
'be, there is, have'
byl
be.PST.M.SG
'be, there is, have'
budet'
be.FUT.3.SG
'go' (directional)
ja id-u
I go.IMPF-1.SG.PRES
'go' (directional)
ja šel
I go.IMPF.PST.SG.M
'go' (directional)
ja pošel
I go.PRF.PST.SG.M
'go' (directional)
ja pojd-u
I go.PRF-1.SG.PRES (=FUT.PRF)
'go' (directional)
ja budu idti
I be.FUT.1.SG go.IMPF-INF (=FUT.IMPF)
'come'
ja prixož-u
I come.IMPF-1.SG.PRES
'come'
ja prixod-il
I come.IMPF-PST.SG.M
'come'
ja prišel
I come.PFV.PST.SG.M
'come'
ja prid-u
I come.PRF-1.SG.PRES (=FUT.PRF)
'come'
ja budu prixod-it'
I be.FUT.1.SG come.IMPF-INF (=FUT.IMPF)
'say, speak'
skaz-at'
say.PFV-INF
'say, speak'
govor-it
say.IMPV-INF
'take'
vz'-at'
take.PFV-INF
'take'
br-at'
take.IMPF-INF
'put'
polož-it'
put.PFV-INF
'put'
klas-t'
put.IMPF-INF

Language
Yimas
Features
References

'be'
anak
be.3.SG.IRREALIS2
'be'
na-ti-nan
3.SG.SUBJ.INTR-become/do-REC.PAST (=be.PST)

Language
Hebrew (Modern)
Features
References

'exist, have'
yesh
exist.PRES.SG.M
'exist, have'
haya
exist.PST.SG.M
'exist, have'
y'hiye
exist.FUT.SG.M
'say'
ani omer
I say.PRES
'say'
ani amarti
I say.PST
'say'
ani agid
I say.FUT

Language
Kewa
Features
References

'go'
púlu
go.1.SG.PRES
'go'
púawa
go.1.SG.PST
'go'
pálua
go.1.SG.FUT
'go'
písu
go.1.SG.DIST.PST
'go'
pé
go.1.SG.PERF

Language
Lezgian
Features
References
be
ja
be. PRES
do
awú-na
do- AOR
be
tir
be. PST
do
ijí-zwa
do- IMPF

Language
Irish
Features
References

: in passim

'be'
ta sé
be.3.SG.PUNC.PRES 3.SG
'be'
beidh sé
be.3.SG.FUT 3.SG 3.SG
'be'
do bhí sé
be.3.SG.PST 3.SG 3.SG
'go'
te-ann
go-3.SG.PRES
'go'
rac-haidh
go-3.SG.FUT
'go'
chuaigh
go.3.SG.PST
'come'
tag-ann
come-3.SG.PRES
'come'
tioc-faidh
come-3.SG.FUT
'come'
thainig
come.3.SG.PST
'say'
deir
say.3.SG.PRES
'say'
dear-faidh
say-3.SG.FUT
'say'
duir
say.3.SG.PST
'bear'
beir-eann
bear-3.SG.PRES
'bear'
bear-faidh
bear-3.SG.FUT
'bear'
do bheireadh sé
bear.3.SG.HAB.PST 3 SG he
'bear'
rug
bear.3.SG.PST
'give, bring'
bheir-eann
give-3.SG.PRES
'give, bring'
bear-faidh
give-3.SG.FUT
'give, bring'
thug
give.3.SG.PST
'get'
gheibh-eann sé
get-3.SG.PRES 3.SG
'get'
gheobh-aidh
get-3.SG.FUT
'get'
do fuair sé
get.3.SG.PST 3.SG
'eat'
ith-eann
eat-3.SG.PRES
'eat'
ios-faidh
eat-3.SG.FUT
'eat'
d'ith sé
eat.3.SG.PST 3.SG
'hear'
clois-eann
hear-3.SG.PRES
'hear'
clois-fidh sé
hear-3.SG.FUT 3.SG.he
'hear'
chuala
hear.3.SG.PST
'see'
chí-onn sé
see.3.SG.PRES 3.SG
'see'
chí-fidh sé
see-3.SG.FUT 3.SG
'see'
do chonac
see.3.SG.PST
'see'
feicthe
see.PST.PTCP

Language
English
Features

source: personal knowledge

'be'
I am
I be.PRES.1.SG
'be'
I was
I be.PST.1.SG
'go'
I go
I go.PRES.SG
'go'
I went
I go.PST

Language
French
Features

source: personal knowledge

'be'
je suis
I be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
j'ét-ais
I be-1.SG.IMPF
'be'
je fûs
I be.1.SG.PST
'be'
je ser-ai
I be-1.SG.FUT
'go'
je vais
I go.PRES.1.SG
'go'
j'all-ais
I go-IMPF.1.SG
'go'
j'ir-ai
I go-FUT.1.SG

Language
Awa Pit
Features
References

'be' (auxiliary only)
i
be.PRES
'be' (auxiliary only)
a-tɨ-zi
be-PST-NONLOCUT

Language
Carib
Features
References

'be'
na
be.3.SG.PRES
'be'
kɨnākoŋ
be.3.SG.PST

Language
Oneida
Features
say
kātuheʔ
1.SG. say. IMPF
say
wakǝ
1. SG. say. STATIVE/PERF
say
waʔkīluʔ
1. SG. say. PFV

Language
Maranungku
Features
References

'go'
ka-ngan-ti
NON FUT-1.SG-going
'go'
ka-nan-ti
NON FUT -2.SG-going
'go'
ka-n-ti
NON FUT -3.SG-going
'go'
ka-rrkan-ti
NON FUT -1.PL.INCL-going
'go'
antin
NON FUT.1.PL.EXCL.going
'go'
ka-man-ti
NON FUT -1.DU.INCL-going
'go'
ka-ran-ti
NON FUT -2.PL-going
'go'
ku-n-tinya
NON FUT -3.PL-going
'go'
nga-wan-ti
1.SG-FUT-going
'go'
anti
2.SG.FUT.going
'go'
ka-wan-ti
3.SG-FUT-going
'go'
nga-rrkan-ti
1.PL.INCL-FUT-going
'go'
nga-ran-ti
1.PL.EXCL-FUT-going
'go'
nga-man-ti
1.DU.INCL-FUT-going
'go'
antira
2.PL.FUT.going
'go'
pu-ran-ti
3.PL-FUT-going

Language
Otomí (Ixtenco)
Features
References

'go'
(di)-pa-gá
(PRES)-go-1.SG
'go'
di-mi-pá-gá
IMPF-IMPF-go-1.SG
'go'
dʌ-ma-gá
PRET-go-1.SG
'go'
štʌ-mǎ-gá
PERF-go-1.SG
'go'
gʌ-ma-gá
FUT-go-1.SG

Language
Russian
Features
come
ja prixož-u
1 SG come. PRES -1 SG
come
ja prixod-il
1 SG come. IMPF - PST.M
come
ja priše-l
1 SG come. PFV-PST.M
come
ja prid-u
1 SG come. FUT.PFV-1SG
come
ja budu prixod-it’
1 SG be. FUT-1SG   come. IMPF-INF

Language
Pipil
Features
References

:

'come'
ni-wīts
1.SG-come.PRES
'come'
ni-wālaʔ
1.SG.come.PRET
'see'
ni-k-ida-k
1.SG.SUBJ-SG.OBJ-see-PST
'see'
ni-k-its-tuk
1.SG.SUBJ-SG.OBJ-see-PERF

Language
Chamorro
Features
References

'be at'
gaige
be at.PRES
'be at'
estaba
be at.IMPF
'exist, have'
guaha
exist.PRES
'exist, have'
estaba
exist.IMPF

Language
Usan
Features

source: Ger Reesnik, p.c.

'say'
qur-aum
say-1.SG.PRES
'say'
qur-umei
say-1.SG.REC.PST
'say'
qam-amei
say-1.SG.REM.PST
'say'
qemer-ib-am
say-FUT-1.SG
'say'
qemer-in
say-UNCERTAIN.FUT.1.SG
'stay'
ig-oum
stay-1.SG.PRES
'stay'
igomor-oumei
stay-1.SG.REC.PST
'stay'
ig-omei
stay-1.SG.REM.PST
'stay'
igor-ib-am
stay-FUT-1.SG
'stay'
igor-in
stay-UNCERTAIN.FUT.1.SG

Language
Czech
Features
References

'be'
jsem
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
budu
be.1.SG.FUT
'be'
jsem byl
be.1.SG.PRES be.PST.PTCP
'go'
jd-u
go-1.SG.PRES (one time action)
'go'
chod-im
go.IMPF-1.SG.PRES (many times action)
'go'
šel jsem
go.PST.PTCL.M be.1.SG.PRES
'go'
pujd-u
go.PFV-1.SG.PRES
'come'
přichaz-im
come.IMPF-1.SG.PRES
'come'
přišel jsem
come.PST.PTCL.M be.1.SG.PRES
'come'
přijid-u
come.PRF-1.SG.PRES (=FUT)
'take'
vzi-ti
take.PFV-INF
'take'
bra-ti
take.IMPF-INF
'put'
loži-ti
put.PFV-INF
'put'
klas-ti
put.IMPF-INF

Language
Bengali
Features
References

, 191, , 50-55

'be present, exist'
ami ači
I be.1.SG.PRES
'be present, exist'
ami či-lam
I be-1.SG.PST
'be present, exist'
ami thak-bo
I stay-FUT
'be present, exist'
ami hɔ-bo
I become-FUT
'go'
ya-i
go-PRES
'go'
ya-itečI
go-PRES.PROG
'go'
ya-iba
go-FUT
'go'
ya-itam
go-HAB.PAST
'go'
ge-lam
go-PST
'go'
ge-čI
go-PERF
'go'
ge-čilam
go-PST.PERF
'go'
ge-le
go-COND.PTCP
'go'
giy-e
go-PST.PTCP

Language
Ewe
Features
References

'There is a God
Máwu le(li)
God be at.PRES
'He will exist
á nɔ anyí
FUT stay earth
'He existed
É nɔ anyí
3SG.AOR stay earth

Language
Ingush
Features

source: Johanna Nichols, p.c.

'be'
d-y
GENDER.CLASS-be.PRES
'be'
d-ola
GENDER.CLASS-be.PRES.PTCP
'be'
d-eddy
GENDER.CLASS-be.FUT
'be'
xalar
be.WITNESSED.PST
'be'
xannuu
be.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'come'
d-oagha
GENDER.CLASS-come.PRES
'come'
d-oaghaddy
GENDER.CLASS-come.FUT
'come'
d-oula
GENDER.CLASS-come.IMP.FUT (or unspecified time)
'come'
d-iel
GENDER.CLASS-come.IMP (right now, specific time)
'come'
d-iera
GENDER.CLASS-come.WITNESSED.PST
'come'
d-ienuu
GENDER.CLASS-come.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'go'
d-uoda
GENDER.CLASS-go.PRES
'go'
ghogvy/ghorghvy
go.FUT
'go'
d-axar
GENDER.CLASS-go.WITNESSED.PST
'go'
d-axaad
GENDER.CLASS-go.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'make, do'
d-u
GENDER.CLASS-do.PRES
'make, do'
d-eddy
GENDER.CLASS-do.FUT
'make, do'
d-yr
GENDER.CLASS-do.WITNESSED.PST
'make, do'
d-ead
GENDER.CLASS-do.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'die' (one)
le
die.SG.PRES
'die' (one)
leddy
die.SG.FUT
'die' (one)
v-alar
GENDER.CLASS-die.SG.WITNESSED.PST
'die' (one)
v-annuu
GENDER.CLASS-die.SG.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'die'(many)
d-ov
GENDER.CLASS-die.PL-PRES
'die'(many)
d-ovddy
GENDER.CLASS-die.PL.FUT
'die'(many)
d-ejr
GENDER.CLASS-die.PL.WITNESSED.PST
'die'(many)
d-ejnad
GENDER.CLASS-die.PL.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'bring, carry'
d-ahw
GENDER.CLASS-bring.PRES
'bring, carry'
d-ahwaddy
GENDER.CLASS-bring.FUT
'bring, carry'
d-iera
GENDER.CLASS-bring.WITNESSED.PST
'bring, carry'
d-ienad
GENDER.CLASS-bring.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'see'
gu
see.PRES
'see'
gugvy
see.FUT
'see'
d-ejr
GENDER.CLASS-see.WITNESSED.PST
'see'
d-ejnad
GENDER.CLASS-see.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'give'
lu
give.PRES
'give'
luddy
give.FUT
'give'
d-alar
GENDER.CLASS-give.WITNESSED.PST
'give'
d-annad
GENDER.CLASS-give.NON.WITNESSED.PST
'stay, remain'
we
stay.PRES
'stay, remain'
wegvy
stay.FUT
'stay, remain'
wiira
stay.WITNESSED.PST
'stay, remain'
wiinuu
stay.NON.WITNESSED.PST

Language
Burushaski
Features
References

'come'
jucha ba
come be.1.SG.PRES
'come'
juch-əm
come-1.SG.FUT
'come'
jucha ba-iyəm
come be-1.SG.IMPF
'come'
daiyəm
come.1.SG.PST.PFV

Language
Khoekhoe
Features
References

'be of identity'
ʔa
be.PRES
'be of identity'
ʔií
be.NON.PRES

Language
Alamblak
Features
References

'go'
kit-wë-r
go-PRES-M.SG
'go'
(yi)riah-r
go.FUT-M.SG
'go'
yifi-r
go.HOD-M.SG
'go'
r-i-ë-r
HEST-go-HEST-M.SG
'go'
yi-më-r
go-REM-M.SG

Language
Mara
Features
References

'go/come'
-ḷini/jurā
go.DUR
'go/come'
yuraɳī
go.NON.DUR
'go/come'
aɳa
go.PUNC.PST
'tell'
-jaɲi
tell.DUR
'tell'
-niŋuyi
tell.NON.DUR
'take'
-ganji
take.DUR
'take'
-yagayi
take.NON.DUR

Language
Slave
Features

source: Keren Rice, p.c.

'become, happen, go'
ʔa-tĩ
3.SG-go.IMPF
'become, happen, go'
ʔa-já
3.SG-go.PFV

Language
Arapesh (Mountain)
Features
References

'negative particle'
inowo(k)
NEG.PAST
'negative particle'
kobwi
NEG.FUT

Language
Turkana
Features
References

'be somewhere, have'
àyèì
1.SG.be at.PST
'be somewhere, have'
àyèì
1.SG.be at.NON.PST
'be somewhere, have'
àmɪnì
1.SG.be at.FUT

Language
Mundari
Features
References

'be, exist'
mena
be.PRES
'be, exist'
tai-n-a
stay-ITM-PREDICATOR (=be.FUT)
'be, exist'
tai-ke-n-a
stay-AP-ITM-PREDICATOR (=be.PST)
'be of identity'
tan
be.PRES
'be of identity'
tai-n-a
stay-ITM-PREDICATOR (=be.PST)
'be of identity'
tai-ke-n-a
stay-AP-ITM-PREDICATOR (=be.PST)

Language
Dani (Lower Grand Valley)
Features
References

'stay, conitnue'
welaky
stay.PFV.1.SG
'stay, conitnue'
lokolyk
stay.PTCP

Language
Serbian-Croatian
Features
References

'be'
jesam
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
bejax
be.1.SG.PST
'be'
ču biti
FUT be.INF
'be'
bi-ču'
be-1.SG.FUT
'say, speak'
reč-i
say.PFV-INF
'say, speak'
govori-ti
say.IMPF-INF
'look'
vide-ti
look.PFV-INF
'look'
glega-ti
look.IMPF-INF
'hear'
ču-ti
hear.PFV-INF
'hear'
sluša-ti
hear.IMPF-INF

Features

source: Nandris, 1959: 195, 128, 170-171

'be'
jesmə
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
bexə
be.1.SG.IMPF
'be'
byx
be.1.SG.AOR
'go'
id-õ
go-PRES.1.SG
'go'
id-eaxə
go-IMPF.1.SG
'go'
id-õtə
go-AOR.1.SG
'go'
šelə
go.PST.PTCP.SG.M
'come'
grẽdə
come.PRES.1.SG
'come'
prixod-eaxə
come.IMFV-IMFV.1.SG
'come'
prid-ṍtə
come.PFV-PFV.1.SG
'come'
prišedə
come.PST.PTCP.1.SG.M
'say, speak'
reka-ti
say-PFV
'say, speak'
glagola-ti
say.PFV-INF
'throw'
vr'ga-ti
throw.PRF-INF
'throw'
meta-ti
throw.IMPF-INF

Language
Sorbian (Upper)
Features
References

a: 424

'be'
je
be.3.SG.PRES
'be'
beše/be
be.3.SG.IMPF
'be'
byɫ
be.PST.PTCP.M.SG
'be'
budze
be.FUT.3.SG
'go'
du
go.1.SG.PRES (one time action)
'go'
chodz-u
go-1.SG.PRES (many times action)
'go'
dze-ch
go-1.SG.PST
'go'
sym šol
be.1.SG.PRES go.PST.PTCP.SG.M (=PERF)
'go'
pondu
go.1.SG.FUT.PFV
'go'
budu chodic
be.FUT.1.SG go.IMPF.INF
'come'
prindu
come.1.SG.PRES
'come'
prichadz-am
come-1.SG.PRES
'come'
pridze-ch
come-1..SG.PST
'come'
sym prišol
be.1.SG.PRES come.PST.PTCP.SG.M (=PERF)
'come'
prindzu
come.1.SG.FUT.PFV
'come'
budu prichadec
be.FUT.1.SG come.IMPF.INF
'take'
wza-c
take.PFV-INF
'take'
bra-c
take.IMPF-INF
'put'
položi-c
put.PFV-INF
'put'
klas-c
put.IMPF-INF
'aim'
popadny-c
aim.PFV.INF
'aim'
loji-c
aim.IMPF.INF
'throw'
cisny-c
throw.PFV-INF
'throw'
mjeta-c
throw.IMPF-INF

Language
Slovene
Features
References

in passim

'be'
je
be.PRES.3.SG
'be'
bil je
be.PST.PTCP.M.SG be.PRES.3.SG
'be'
bo
be.FUT.3.SG
'go'
gre-m
go.PRES-1.SG
'go'
šel sem
go.PST.PTCP.SG.M be.1.SG.PRES (=PST)
'go'
bo-m šel
be.FUT-1.SG
'come'
pride-m
come-PRES.1.SG
'come'
prišel sem
come.PST.PTCP.SG.M be.1.SG.PRES (=PST)
'come'
bom prišel
be.FUT.1.SG come.PST.PTCP.SG.M (=FUT)
'say, speak'
reč-I
say.PFV.INF
'say, speak'
reka-ti/pravi-ti
say.IMPF-INF
'do'
stori-ti
do.PFV-INF
'do'
dela-ti
do.IMPF-INF
'take'
vze-ti
take.PFV-INF
'take'
jema-ti
take.IMPF-INF
'throw'
vreč-I
throw.PFV-INF
'throw'
meta-ti
throw.IMPF-INF
'hit, beat'
udari-ti
hit.PFV-INF
'hit, beat'
tolči/biti
hit.IMPF.INF

Language
Hixkaryana
Features
References

'be'
w-exe-jaha
1.SUBJ.NON.COLL-be-NON.PST
'be'
w-exe-jaknano
1.SUBJ.NON.COLL-be-REC.PST
'be'
w-exe-je
1.SUBJ.NON.COLL-be-REM.PST
'be'
w-æh-ko
1.SUBJ.NON.COLL-be-IMM.PST

Language
Slovak
Features
References

a: 183,

'be'
som
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
bude-m
be.FUT-1.SG
'be'
bol som
be.PST.PTCP be.1.SG.PRES (=PST)
'go'
ide-m
go-PRES.1.SG
'go'
pojde-m
go.PFV-PRES.1.SG (=FUT)
'go'
(i)šiel (som)
go.PST.PTCP (be.1.SG.PRES) (=PST)
'take'
vzja-t'
take.PFV-INF
'take'
bra-t'
take.IMPF-INF
'put'
položi-t'
put.PFV-INF
'put'
klas-t'
put.IMPF-INF
'move'
hyb-at'
move.IMPF-INF
'move'
hnu-t'
move.PFV-INF

Language
Abkhaz
Features

source: George Hewitt, p.c.

'it's me
sara sawp
me it.is
it was me
sara sakwən
me it.was

Language
Turkish
Features
References

'be at'
-im
-be.1.SG.PRES.
'be at'
idim
be.1.SG.PST
'be at'
olaɣ-im
become-1.SG.PRES (=be.FUT)

Language
Kannada
Features
References

'be at'
iddiini
be at.1.SG.PRES
'be at'
idde
be at.1.SG.PST
'be at'
iruttēne (irruttīni)
be at.1.SG.FUT

Language
Arabic (Egyptian)
Features
References
come
ana geet
I come. PFV.1.SG
come
ana aagi
I come. IMPF.1.SG
come
taʕaali
come. IMP.F.SG
come
taʕaalu
come. IMP.PL

Language
Macushi
Features

source: Abott, 1991: 114, in passim

'be'
man
be.3.SG.PRES
'be'
wanî
be.3.SG.NON.PRES1

Language
Brahui
Features
References

'be'
uʈ
be.SIMPLE.PRES.1.SG
'be'
ar-ē-ʈ
be-EMPHATIC.PRES-1.SG
'be'
a-ss-uʈ
be-PST-1.SG
'be'
a-ss-uʈa
be-PST-1.SG.IMPF
'not be'
a-ffa-t
be-NEG-1.SG.PRES
'not be'
all-a-v-at
be-NEG-PST-1.SG
'go'
(a)kā-va
go-PRES/FUT.1.SG
'go'
ʔinā-ø
go-PST.3.SG
'go'
(a)ʔinā-ra
go-PST.PROG.3.PL
'go'
ʔin-ik
go-POTENTIAL.FUT.3.SG
'go'
ʔina-ne
go-PST.PERF.3.SG

Language
Hindi
Features
References

'be'
maim hūm
I be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
maim thā
I be.1.SG.M.PST
'be'
maim hūmga
I be.1.SG.M.FUT
'go'
jānā
go.PRES/IMPF
'go'
gayā
go.SG.M.PFV

Language
Polish
Features
References

'be'
jestem
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
bẽdẽ
be.1.SG.FUT
'be'
by-ɫem
be-1.SG.M.PST
'go'
chodze
go-PRES.HAB.3.SG
'go'
ide
go.PRES.3.SG (one time action)
'go'
szed-ɫem
go.PST-PST.SG.M
'go'
chodi-ɫem
go.IMPF-PST.SG.M
'go'
pojd-e
go.PFV-PRES.3.SG (=FUT)
'come'
przychodz-e
come-PRES.3.SG
'come'
przyszed-ɫem
come.PST-PST.SG.M
'come'
przychodi-ɫem
come.IMPF-PST.SG.M
'come'
przyjd-e
come.PFV-PRES.3.SG (=FUT)
'say'
powiedz-iec
say.PFV-INF
'say'
mow-ic
say.IMPF-INF
'see'
zobacz-yc
see.PFV-INF
'see'
widz-iec
see.IMPF-INF
'watch'
obezre-c
watch.PFV-INF
'watch'
oglada-c
watch.IMP-.INF
'take'
wziã-c
take.PFV-INF
'take'
bra-c
take.IMPF-INF

Language
Mixtec (Chalcatongo)
Features
References
come
nbíí
come. HAB
come
bèì
come. PROG
come
kii
come. UNREALIZED
come
na-kii
PFV- come

Language
Ika
Features

source: Paul Frank, p.c.

'go'
zož-aki
go-PERF
'go'
zuei-n
go-IMPF

Language
Mixtec (Chalcatongo)
Features
References

'come'
nbíí
come.HAB
'come'
bèì
come.PROG
'come'
na-kii
PFV-come
'come'
kii
come.FUT
'come'
ɲã́ʔã
come.IMP
'go'
xã́ʔã
go.HAB
'go'
kwã́ʔã
go.PROG
'go'
ni-xã́ʔã
PFV-go
'go'
kĩ́ʔĩ
go.FUT
'die'
xíʔi
die.IMPF
'die'
kuù
die.FUT

Language
Armenian (Eastern)
Features

source: Jasmine Dum-Traugut, p.c.

'be'
linel
be.INF
'be'
lin-um/linel-is
be-PRES.PTCP
'be'
linel-u
be-FUT.PTCP
'be'
eɫ-el
be-PERF.PTCP
'be'
eɫ_-ats
be-RES.PTCP
'be'
eɫ_-a
be-AORIST
'be'
lin-I
be-NEG
'come'
gal
come.INF
'come'
gal-is
come-PRES.PTCP
'come'
gal-u
come-FUT.PTCP
'come'
ek-el
come-PERF.PTCP
'come'
ek-ats
come-RES.PTCP
'come'
ek-oɣ
come-SBE.PTCP
'come'
ek-a
come-AORIST
'come'
ga-I
come-NEG
'eat'
utel
eat.INF
'eat'
ut-um
eat-PRES.PTCP
'eat'
utel-u
eat-FUT.PTCP
'eat'
ker-el
eat-PERF.PTCP
'eat'
ker-ats
eat-RES.PTCP
'eat'
ker-a
eat-AORIST
'eat'
ut-I
eat-NEG
'give'
tal
give.INF
'give'
tal-is
give-PRES.PTCP
'give'
tal-u
give-FUT.PTCP
'give'
tv-el
give-PERF.PTCP
'give'
tv-ats
give-RES.PTCP
'give'
tv-ets'i
give-AORIST
'give'
ta
give-NEG
'do'
anel
do.INF
'do'
an-um
do-PRES.PTCP
'do'
anel-u
do-FUT.PTCP
'do'
ar-el
do-PERF.PTCP
'do'
ar-ats
do-RES.PTCP
'do'
ar-ets'I
do-AORIST
'do'
an-I
do-NEG
'put'
dnel
put.INF
'put'
dn-um
put-PRES.PTCP
'put'
dnel-u
put-FUT.PTCP
'put'
dr-el
put-PERF.PTCP
'put'
dr-ats
put-RES.PTCP
'put'
dr-ets'i
put-AORIST
'put'
dn-I
put-NEG
'carry, bear'
tanel
carry.INF
'carry, bear'
tan-um
carry-PRES.PTCP
'carry, bear'
tanel-u
carry-FUT.PTCP
'carry, bear'
tar-el
carry-PERF.PTCP
'carry, bear'
tar-ats
carry-RES.PTCP
'carry, bear'
tar-a
carry-AORIST
'carry, bear'
tan-I
carry-NEG
'become'
darrnal
become.INF
'become'
darrn-um
become-PRES.PTCP
'become'
darrnel-u
become-FUT.PTCP
'become'
dardz-el
become-PERF.PTCP
'become'
dardz-ats
become-RES.PTCP
'become'
dardz-a
become-AORIST
'become'
darrn-a
become-NEG
'cry'
lal
cry.INF
'cry'
lal-is
cry-PRES PTCP
'cry'
lal-u
carry-FUT.PTCP
'cry'
lats'-el
carry-PERF PTCP
'cry'
lats'-ats
carry-RES PTCP
'cry'
lats'-ets'I
carry-AORIST
'cry'
la
carry.NEG

Language
Persian
Features

source: Leila Naseh, p. c.

'be'
hast-am
be.PRES-1.SG
'be'
bud-am
be.PST-1.SG
'come'
mi-ay-am
IMPF-come-1.SG (=PRES)
'come'
dâr-am mi-ay-am
AUX.IMPF-come-1.SG (=PROG)
'come'
amad-e-am
come-IMM.FUT-1.SG (=FUT I)
'come'
xâh-am amad-e
AUX.FUT.PFV come-PST.PTCP (=FUT II)
'see'
dīd-an-am
see.PFV-3.PL-1.SG.OBJ
'see'
dīd-e bud-am
see.PFV-PST.PTCP be.PST-1.SG
'see'
mi-bin-am
IMPF-see-1.SG
'see'
dâr-am mi-bin-am
AUX.IMPF-see-1.SG

Language
Pashto
Features

source: Henrik Liljegren, p.c.

'be'
yəm
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
wəm
be.1.SG.PST
'go'
zəm
go.1.SG.PRES
'go'
lāɽ-əm
go.PFV.PST-1.SG
'go'
tləm
go.IMPF.PST.1.SG
'come'
rāzəm
come.1.SG.PRES
'come'
rāɣləm
come.PFV.PST-1.SG
'come'
rātləm
come.IMPF.PST.1.SG

Language
Fur
Features

source: Angelika Jakobi, p.c.

'be'
ii
be.3.SG.PRES
'be'
ááŋá
be.3.SG.PST
'become'
indɛ̀l
become.3.SG.PRES
'become'
ɛ̍ŋà
become.3.SG.PRES
'come'
úndùl
come.3.SG.PRES
'come'
ɛ́là
come.3.SG.PST
'go'
dúiti/dúi
go.3.SG.PRES
'go'
ɲàŋá
go.3.SG.PST
'look'
ləʊ̀
look.3.SG.PRES
'look'
jàgilɔ̀
look.3.SG.PST
'run'
jɛ̀il
run.3.SG.PRES
'run'
sàkiɔ̀
run.3.SG.PRES
'die'
wɛ̀ɪtɛ̀l
die.3.SG.PRES
'die'
wài
die.3.SG.PST
'kill'
íírù
kill.3.SG.PRES
'kill'
fùi
kill.3.SG.PST
'sit'
àʊ́
sit.3.SG.PRES
'sit'
óŋò/óŋà
sit.3.SG.PST
'strike, swear'
làti
strike.3.SG.PRES
'strike, swear'
taàn
strike.3.SG.PST

Language
Nahuatl (Tetelcingo)
Features

source: Tuggy, 1977 #480: 15-18; 83

'be'
nɪ-(ka)-ka
1.SG-RDP-be
'be'
nɪ-ye-s
1.SG-be-FUT
'be'
(o)-nɪ-ye-ya
(PST)-1.SG-be-IMPF
'come'
wic
come.PRES
'come'
wala
come.PERF/FUT/IMPF (NON.PRES)
'see'
ki-c-tɪka
3.SG.OBJ-see-DUR:PRES-PROG
'see'
nieč-ɪhta
1.SG.OBJ-see.PRES

Language
Dutch
Features
References

'be'
ik ben
I be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
ik was
I be.1.SG.PST

Language
Bulgarian
Features

source: personal knowledge

'be'
səm
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
bja-x
be-1.SG.PST
'be'
bəda
be.1.SG.FUT
'come'
id-a
come-PRES.1.SG
'come'
dojd-a
come.PFV-1.SG
'come'
id-v-am
come-PFV-PRES.1.SG
'come'
id-v-ax
come-PFV-AOR.1.SG (came and left again)
'come'
dojd-ox
come.PFV-AOR.1.SG (came and still here)
'come'
idval
come.PST.PTCP.SG.M (come and left again)
'come'
došəl
come.PST.PTCP.SG.M (come and still here)

Language
Macedonian
Features
References

b: 286-287

'be'
sum
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
bev
be.1.SG.PST
'go'
id-am
go-1.SG.PRES
'go'
id-ev
go-1.SG.IMPF
'go'
pojd-ov
go.PFV-1.SG.AOR
'go'
išol
go.PST.PTCP.SG.M

Language
Tukang Besi
Features

source: Mark Donohue, p.c.

'give'
ʔu-huʔu
2.SG.PFV-give
'give'
komoʔu
2.SG.POTENTIAL.give

Language
Supyire
Features
References

'be'
ɲyɛ
be.PRES
'be'
mpyi
be.PST
'be'
mpyi
be.HAB
'be'
mpyi
be.FUT
'come'
pa
come.PFV
'come'
ma
come.IMPF
'hear'
lógó
hear.PFV
'hear'
núrú
hear.IMPF

Language
Hunzib
Features
References

'be'
lo
be.PRES
'be'
zúq'ur
be.PST
'be'
-ɑq(u)/ zəχɑr
happen, usually be/ find, appear to be, probably be (=be.FUT)

Language
Kanuri
Features
References

source: John Hutchinson, p.c.

'live, stay'
degakin
live.1.SG.IMPF (=PRES)
'live, stay'
kargako
live.1.SG.PST
'come'
ísə̀kìn
come.1.SG.IMPF
'come'
ísə́kə́nà
come.1.SG.PERF
'come'
cádùkò
come.1.SG.FUT
'come'
kádíkò
come.1.SG.PST
'die'
nukin
die.1.SG.IMPF (=PRES)
'die'
kərmu
die.1.SG.PST

Language
Ukrainian
Features
References

source: Medushevsky and Zyatovska., 1963: 106,

'be, there is, have'
je
be.PRES
'be, there is, have'
bud-u
be.FUT-1.SG
'be, there is, have'
buv
be.PST.M.SG
'come'
prixodit'
come-3.SG.PRES
'come'
prixod-iv
come.IMPV-SG.M.PST
'come'
išov
come.PFV.SG.M.PST
'come'
bud-e xoditi
be-3.SG.FUT come.IMPF.INF (=FUT.IMPF)
'come'
pid-e
come.PFV-1.SG.PRES (=FUT.PFV)
'go'
xodit'
go-3.SG.PRES
'go'
xod-iv
go.IMPV-SG.M.PST
'go'
prišov
come.PFV.SG.M.PST
'go'
bud-e prixoditi
be-3.SG.FUT come.IMPF.INF (=FUT.IMPF)
'go'
priid-e
come.PFV-1.SG.PRES (=FUT.PFV)
'say, speak'
skaza-ti
say.PFV-INF
'say, speak'
govori-ti
say.IMPF-INF
'take'
uzja-ti
take.PFV-INF
'take'
bra-ti
take.IMPF-INF
'catch'
spiima-ti
catch.PFV-INF
'catch'
lovi-ti
catch.IMPF-INF

Language
Suena
Features
References

in passim

'go'
susaw
go.PRES/PROG
'go'
ba-i
go-NON.PRES.3.SG
'come'
tup
come.PRES/PROG
'come'
ma-i
come-NON.PRES.3.SG
'say'
to-a
say-PRES/PROG3.SG
'say'
sa-i
say-NON.PRES.3.SG
'do'
inoya
do.PRES/PROG.3.SG
'do'
wa-i
do-NON.PRES.3.SG

Language
Belorussian
Features
References

be.PST.M.SG

'be, exist. have'
jests'
be.PRES
'be, exist. have'
budz-e
be.FUT-3.SG
'be, exist. have'
byu
'go'
id-u
go-1.SG.PRES
'go'
iš-ou
go-1.SG.M.PST
'go'
budu xodits'
be.1.SG.FUT go.INF.IMPF/HAB
'go'
pajd-u
go.PERF-1.SG.PRES
'come'
pryxodz-ju
come-1.SG.PRES
'come'
pryjiš-ou
come-1.SG.M.PST
'come'
budu pryxodits'
be.1.SG.FUT come.INF.IMPF/HAB
'come'
pryjd-u
come.PERF-1.SG.PRES
'say, speak'
kaza-ts/skaza-ts
say.PFV-INF
'say, speak'
gavary-ts
say.IMPFINF
'take'
vzja-ts
take.PFV-INF
'take'
bra-ts
take.IMPF-INF
'catch'
dagna-ts
catch.PFV-INF
'catch'
spajma-ts
catch.IMPF-INF

Language
Chinantec (Lealao)
Features
References

b. go'

'come'
bi
come.3.SG/PL.PROG
'come'
bí
come.3.SG/PL.COMPL
'come'
ia
come.3.SG/PL.FUT
'come'
za
go.3.SG/PL.PROG
'come'
iá
go.3.SG/PL.COMPL
'come'
zà
go.3.SG/PL.FUT

Language
German
Features
References

'be'
ich bin
I be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
ich war
I be.1.SG.PST
'go'
gehen
go.INF
'go'
ging
go.PST.3.SG
'go'
gegangen
go.PFV.PTCP
'stand'
stehen
stand.INF
'stand'
stand
stand.PST.3.SG
'stand'
gestanden
stand.PFV.PTCP

Language
Lezgian
Features
References

'be of identity'
ja
be of identity.PRES
'be of identity'
tir
be of identity.PST
'come'
at-a-na
come-THEMATIC.VOWEL-AOR
'come'
q'we-zwa
come-IMPF
'come again'
xt-a-na
come again-THEMATIC.VOWEL-AOR
'come again'
xkwe-zwa
come again-IMPF
'do'
awú-na
do-AOR
'do'
ijí-zwa
do-IMPF
'give'
ga-na
give-AOR
'give'
gu-zwa
give-IMPF
'eat'
t'-ü-na
eat-THEMATIC.VOWEL-AOR
'eat'
ne-zwa
eat-IMPF
'become'
xfl-a-na
become-THEMATIC.VOWEL-AOR
'become'
že-zwa
become-IMPF
'become cold'
q-a-na
become cold-THEMATIC.VOWEL-AOR
'become cold'
req-i-zwa
become cold-THEMATIC.VOWEL-IMPF
'kill, die'
q'-e-na
kill/die-THEMATIC.VOWEL-AOR
'kill, die'
req'-i-zwa
kill/die-THEMATIC.VOWEL-IMPF

Language
Maung
Features
References

'go'
ŋaba
1.SG.go.PRES
'go'
ŋuṙan
1.SG.go.FUT
'go'
ŋana
1.SG.go.PST

Features

source: Wright, 1910: 147

'be'
im
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
was
be.1.SG.PST
'go'
gagg-iþ
go-3.SG.PRES.IND
'go'
iddja
go.3.SG.PST

Language
Kuot
Features

source: Lindström, forthcoming

'fall'
-lum
-fall.NON.FUT
'fall'
-lamiŋ
-fall.FUT
'walk'
-num
-walk.NON.FUT
'walk'
-muŋ
-walk.FUT
'wake up'
-inim/imu'
-wake up.NON.FUT
'wake up'
-imuŋ
-wake up.FUT
'live, sit'
-onəma
-live, sit.NON.FUT
'live, sit'
-onaŋ
-live, sit.FUT

Language
Basque
Features

source: King, 1994: 363

'be'
naiz
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
nintzen
be.1.SG.PST

Language
Hungarian
Features
References

'be'
vagyok
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
voltam
be.1.SG.PST
'be'
lëgyën
be.1.SG.SBV/FUT

Language
Swedish
Features

source: personal knowledge

'be'
är
be.PRES
'be'
var
be.PST
'go'
gå-r
go-PRES
'go'
gick
go.PST
'get'
få-r
get-PRES
'get'
fick
get.PST

Language
Georgian
Features
References

'be'
v-ar
1.SG-be.PRES
'be'
v-i-kn-eb-i
1.SG-VV-be.FUT-TS (FUT)-IND
'be'
v-i-q'av-i
1.SG-VV-be.AOR-IND
'give'
v-Ø-Øjl-ev
1.SG-D.OBJ-I.OBJ-give.IMPF-PRES
'give'
mi-v-Ø-Ø-c-em
PREVERB-1.SG-D.OBJ-I.OBJ-give.PFV-TS(FUT) (=FUT.1.SG)
'give'
mi-v-Ø-Ø-e-c-i
PREVERB-1.SG-D.OBJ-I.OBJ-give.PFV-AOR.IND
'come'
mo-v-di-v-ar
HITHER-1.SG-come/go.PRES-PRES-COP
'come'
mo-val (< mo-v-val)
HITHER-1.SG-come/go.FUT
'come'
mo-ved (< mo-v-ved)
HITHER-1.SG-come/go.AOR
'come'
mo-v-sul-v-ar
HITHER-1.SG-come/go.PERF-PRES-COP
'say'
v-amb-ob
1.SG-say.IMPF-TS(PRES) (=PRES.1.SG)
'say'
v-amb-ob-d-i
1.SG-say.IMPF-TS(PRES)-IMPF-IND (=IMPF.1.SG)
'say'
v-tkv-i
1.SG-say.PFV-IND (=AOR.1.SG)
'say'
v-i-t'q'v-i
1.SG-VV-say.FUT-IND (=FUT.1.SG)
'say, tell'
v-e-ubn-eb-I
1.SG-VV-tell.IMPF-TS-IND (=PRES.1.SG)
'say, tell'
v-e-ubn-eb-od-I
1.SG-VV-tell.IMPF-TS-IMPF-IND (=IMPF.1.SG)
'say, tell'
v-u-txar-I
1.SG-VV-tell.PFV-IND (=AOR.1.SG)
'say, tell'
v-e-t'q'v-i
1.SG-VV-tell.FUT-IND (=FUT.1.SG)
'do'
v-Ø-švr-eb-I
1.SG-D.OBJ-do.IMPF-IND
'do'
v-Ø-ken-i
1.SG-D.OBJ-do.PFV-AOR.IND
'do'
v-Ø-Ø-u-q'av-i
1.SG-D.OBJ.-I.OBJ-do.PFV-AOR.IND
'do'
v-Ø-i-zam
1.SG-D.OBJ-do.FUT
'see'
xed-v-a
see.IMPF-TS-NMLZ
'see'
nax-v-a
see.PRV-TS-NMLZ
'drink'
sv-am
drink.IMPF-TS (=PRES.2.SG)
'drink'
da-l-ev
PREVERB-drink.PFV-TS (=FUT.2.SG)
'have an inanimate object'
m-a-kv-s
1.SG-VV-have.PRES-3.SG.OBJ (=PRES)
'have an inanimate object'
m-kon-d-a
1.SG-have.PFV-IMPF-IND (=IMPF)
'have an inanimate object'
m-e-kn-eb-a
1.SG-VV-have.FUT-TS-IND (=FUT)

Language
Alamblak
Features
References
go
kit-wë-r
go- PRES-M.SG
go
(yi)riah-r
go. FUT-M.SG
go
yifi-r
go. HOD-M.SG
go
r-i-ë-r
HEST- go- HEST-M.SG
go
yi-më-r
go- REM-M.SG

Language
Latvian
Features
References

: in passim

'be'
esmu
be.1.SG.PRES
'be'
bij-u
be.PST-1.SG
'be'
bu-shu
be.FUT -1.SG. FUT
'go'
ej-u
go.PRES-1.SG
'go'
iet
go.PRES.3.SG
'go'
gaj-u
go.PST-1.SG
'go'
ie-shu
go.PRES-1.SG.FUT
'give'
dod-u
give.PRES-1.SG
'give'
dev-u
give.PST-1.SG
'give'
do-shu
give-1.SG.FUT

Language
Oneida
Features

source: Karin Michelson, p.c.

'say'
kātuheʔ
1.SG.say.IMPF
'say'
wakə
1.SG.say.STATIVE/PERF
'say'
waʔkīluʔ
1.SG.say.PFV