Examples for feature 99A: Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns

note: In the non-Past, illustrated here, the agent marker is used obligatory with transitive subjects and optionally with agentive intransitive subjects; in the Past, it is used with all subjects (though with some exceptions for inanimates). Pronouns apparently follow the same pattern, though few possibilities are illustrated.

note: Neuter nouns have no nominative-accusative distinction.

note: Pronouns also have a nominative-accusative case distinction (p.92)

note: Pronouns (no case marking) can also occur in these positions for emphasis, p.34.

note: Tripartite alignment is found in perfective clauses; in universal clauses, there is no case marking, i.e. neutral alignment (p. 254-255).

note: Insufficient information on free pronouns

note: Personal pronouns, used for example for contrast, also have a neutral case marking system (p.111).

source: own knowledge

note: Free pronouns are rare, and insufficient examples are given.

. Thai: an essential grammar. London: Routledge.

source: Ashton 1970

source: own knowledge

note: Examples have been selected where none of S, A, or P is in “focus”; under this condition, all of S, A, and P have the same form, glossed as neut(neutral).

, vol.1

source: Hualde and Urbina (eds.) 2003; supplemented by information from José Ignacio Hualde and Oroitz Jauregi, p.c.

note: The form of the auxiliary used with an active intransitive subject is the same as that used with a third person singular direct object.

note: With nonreferential nonhuman nouns, the direct object takes no accusative marker.

note: Independent pronouns are rare, but seem to follow the same neutral cae marking system.

note: Personal pronouns, used only in ephatic contexts, also have neutral case marking (p. 127).

note: The instrumental suffix -nun can sometimes be attached to the A of a transitive clause (pp.125-126), so there may be some justification for recognizing tripartite alignment for case marking, although this use of the suffix seems to be a minor pattern.

note: Comparison of the examples shows that both proximate and obviative are possible for all of S, A, and P, i.e. there is no morphological opposition corresponding to the S, A, P distinction. Kutenai pronouns also lack case (Matthew Dryer, p.c.).

note: The accusative suffix -k, is assimilated to -d in the second example; pronouns have the same case marking as nouns.

note: The accusative marker is “optional”.

note: Tonal changes reflect environmentally determined tone sandhi, not differences in case.

note: Optionally in the first and second person singular pronouns, the same form may be used for all of A, S, and P, i.e. neutral alignment is possible alongside nominative-accusative alignment.

note: Personal pronouns have the same case marking as nouns (p.31), although they are rare as S, A, or P — the verb morphology encodes these arguments.

note: The distinct accusative case is found primarily with definite direct objects. Examples with overt personal pronouns in subject or direct object position are rare, but the discussion makes it clear that they follow the same case-marking principles.

note: The accusative suffix is used only on pronouns, and then only if the subject is third person.

note: First and second person pronouns have neutral case marking.

note: Changes in tone, e.g. of the first person singular pronoun, reflect tone sandhi, not case marking by means of tone.

note: There is morphophonemic interaction between a verb and the P, which immediately precedes the verb; Johanna Mattissen, Dependent-head synthesis in Nivkh: A contribution to a typology of polysynthesis, Amsterdam, 2003, John Benjamins, argues in detail that this reflects incorporation of the P into the verb.

note: argues that the bivalent construction as given above is more basic, but an alternative omits the object agreement suffix and inverts the prepositions. If one were to take this alternative as basic, then na would be nominative, te accusative.

note: With an indefinite object, the A pronoun would have the same form as S and P, e.g.

manli'e' yo' lepblo ‘I saw a book’ (240); note also the prefix man- on the verb.

, vol. 1

note: The accusative suffix is used only with definite direct objects.

Source:

note: Use of the special accusative pronouns is optional, i.e. they can always be replaced by the forms also used in subject position.

; Ebert 1975 (same title, but I: Texte)

note: The only personal pronoun allowed as a separate word in object position is first person plural inclusive àÙ, but this is the same form as is used as subject.

note: The tonal differences between subject and object forms apply only to nouns of certain tone classes, and in certain TAM forms; they are traditionally, and perhaps more appropriately, described as floating tones characteristic of the TAM form, rather than as case markers.

note: Wichita lacks independent personal pronouns (p.10)

note: The accusative suffix is found primarily with specific direct objects.

source: own knowledge

note: Distinct accusative forms are found with personal pronouns and with nouns high in animacy and definiteness.

; ;

note: The accusative suffix -ga is obligatory with pronouns, optional and rare with nouns; the nominative suffix -ye is optional and rare.