Maria Polinsky. 2013. Antipassive Constructions. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/108, Accessed on 2026-06-11.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 3 No antipassive 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses aco Acoma 1 Implicit patient 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Simple Clauses ain Ainu 3 No antipassive 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Simple Clauses ala Alamblak 3 No antipassive -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Simple Clauses ame Amele 3 No antipassive -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses apu Apurinã 3 No antipassive -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Simple Clauses aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 3 No antipassive 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses arp Arapesh (Mountain) 3 No antipassive -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Simple Clauses arc Archi 2 Oblique patient 42.0 46.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses arm Armenian (Eastern) 3 No antipassive 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Simple Clauses asm Asmat 3 No antipassive -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Simple Clauses awp Awa Pit 3 No antipassive 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Simple Clauses bag Bagirmi 3 No antipassive 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Simple Clauses brs Barasano 3 No antipassive -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Simple Clauses bsq Basque 2 Oblique patient 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Simple Clauses bkr Batak (Karo) 3 No antipassive 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Simple Clauses bej Beja 3 No antipassive 18.0 36.0 Beja Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 3 No antipassive 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses bez Bezhta 2 Oblique patient 42.0833333333 46.1666666667 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses brh Brahui 3 No antipassive 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses brm Burmese 3 No antipassive 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses bur Burushaski 3 No antipassive 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Simple Clauses cah Cahuilla 1 Implicit patient 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses cak Cakchiquel 1 Implicit patient 14.5 -91.0 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses cnl Canela 2 Oblique patient -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Simple Clauses chh Chaha 3 No antipassive 8.112935 37.93267 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses cha Chamorro 2 Oblique patient 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Simple Clauses chc Chechen 2 Oblique patient 43.25 45.8333333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses cic Chichewa 3 No antipassive -14.0 34.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses cct Choctaw 2 Oblique patient 32.25 -88.5 Muskogean Muskogean Simple Clauses chk Chukchi 2 Oblique patient 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Simple Clauses cmn Comanche 1 Implicit patient 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses cre Cree (Plains) 1 Implicit patient 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses dag Daga 3 No antipassive -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 3 No antipassive -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses diy Diyari 1 Implicit patient -28.0 139.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses djr Djaru 2 Oblique patient -18.75 128.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses dji Djingili 3 No antipassive -17.75 134.0 Djingili Mirndi Simple Clauses don Dong (Southern) 3 No antipassive 27.0 109.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses dyi Dyirbal 2 Oblique patient -17.8333333333 145.583333333 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses eml Embaloh 2 Oblique patient 1.16666666667 112.333333333 South Sulawesi Austronesian Simple Clauses eng English 3 No antipassive 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses epe Epena Pedee 3 No antipassive 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Simple Clauses eve Evenki 3 No antipassive 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Simple Clauses ewe Ewe 3 No antipassive 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Simple Clauses fij Fijian 3 No antipassive -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses fin Finnish 3 No antipassive 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Simple Clauses fre French 3 No antipassive 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses gae Gaelic (Scots) 3 No antipassive 57.0 -4.0 Celtic Indo-European Simple Clauses geo Georgian 3 No antipassive 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Simple Clauses ger German 3 No antipassive 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses gdi Godié 3 No antipassive 5.41666666667 -5.83333333333 Kru Niger-Congo Simple Clauses god Godoberi 1 Implicit patient 42.6666666667 46.0833333333 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses goo Gooniyandi 2 Oblique patient -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Simple Clauses grb Grebo 3 No antipassive 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Simple Clauses grk Greek (Modern) 3 No antipassive 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Simple Clauses grw Greenlandic (West) 2 Oblique patient 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Simple Clauses gua Guaraní 3 No antipassive -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Simple Clauses hli Halkomelem (Island) 2 Oblique patient 49.2 -123.0 Central Salish Salishan Simple Clauses hau Hausa 3 No antipassive 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses heb Hebrew (Modern) 3 No antipassive 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses hin Hindi 3 No antipassive 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses hix Hixkaryana 3 No antipassive -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Simple Clauses hmo Hmong Njua 3 No antipassive 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Simple Clauses hun Hungarian 3 No antipassive 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Simple Clauses hzb Hunzib 1 Implicit patient 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses ice Icelandic 3 No antipassive 65.0 -17.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses igb Igbo 3 No antipassive 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ika Ika 3 No antipassive 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Simple Clauses imo Imonda 3 No antipassive -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Simple Clauses ind Indonesian 3 No antipassive 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Simple Clauses ing Ingush 3 No antipassive 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses irq Iraqw 3 No antipassive -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses jak Jakaltek 1 Implicit patient 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses jpn Japanese 3 No antipassive 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Simple Clauses juh Ju|'hoan 3 No antipassive -19.0 21.0 Ju-Kung Kxa Simple Clauses kab Kabardian 2 Oblique patient 43.5 43.5 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses kam Kambera 3 No antipassive -9.83333333333 120.166666667 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Simple Clauses knd Kannada 3 No antipassive 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses knr Kanuri 3 No antipassive 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Simple Clauses kpm Kapampangan 1 Implicit patient 15.3333333333 120.5 Central Luzon Austronesian Simple Clauses krk Karok 3 No antipassive 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Simple Clauses kas Kashmiri 3 No antipassive 34.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses kay Kayardild 3 No antipassive -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Simple Clauses ket Ket 3 No antipassive 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Simple Clauses kew Kewa 3 No antipassive -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses khk Khakas 3 No antipassive 53.0 90.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses kha Khalkha 3 No antipassive 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Simple Clauses khs Khasi 3 No antipassive 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses klv Kilivila 3 No antipassive -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses kio Kiowa 1 Implicit patient 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Simple Clauses kgz Kirghiz 3 No antipassive 42.0 75.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses koa Koasati 3 No antipassive 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Simple Clauses kob Kobon 3 No antipassive -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses kor Korean 3 No antipassive 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Simple Clauses kfe Koromfe 3 No antipassive 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Simple Clauses kse Koyraboro Senni 1 Implicit patient 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Simple Clauses kro Krongo 1 Implicit patient 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Simple Clauses kut Kutenai 3 No antipassive 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Simple Clauses lai Lai 2 Oblique patient 22.6666666667 93.6666666667 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses lak Lak 2 Oblique patient 42.1666666667 47.1666666667 Lak Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses lkt Lakhota 3 No antipassive 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Simple Clauses lan Lango 1 Implicit patient 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses lat Latvian 3 No antipassive 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Simple Clauses lav Lavukaleve 1 Implicit patient -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Simple Clauses lez Lezgian 3 No antipassive 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses lin Lingala 3 No antipassive 2.0 18.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses luv Luvale 3 No antipassive -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses mac Macushi 3 No antipassive 4.0 -60.0 Cariban Cariban Simple Clauses mak Makah 3 No antipassive 48.3333333333 -124.666666667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Simple Clauses mal Malagasy 3 No antipassive -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Simple Clauses mam Mam 2 Oblique patient 15.0 -91.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses mnd Mandarin 3 No antipassive 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses myi Mangarrayi 1 Implicit patient -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Simple Clauses mao Maori 3 No antipassive -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses map Mapudungun 3 No antipassive -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Simple Clauses mar Maricopa 3 No antipassive 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Simple Clauses mrt Martuthunira 3 No antipassive -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses mau Maung 3 No antipassive -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Simple Clauses may Maybrat 3 No antipassive -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Simple Clauses mei Meithei 3 No antipassive 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 3 No antipassive 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses mrl Murle 3 No antipassive 6.5 33.5 South Surmic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses kho Nama 3 No antipassive -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Simple Clauses ndy Ndyuka 3 No antipassive 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Simple Clauses nez Nez Perce 2 Oblique patient 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Simple Clauses ngi Ngiyambaa 3 No antipassive -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses niv Nivkh 3 No antipassive 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Simple Clauses nko Nkore-Kiga 3 No antipassive -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses nug Nunggubuyu 3 No antipassive -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Simple Clauses oji Ojibwa (Eastern) 2 Oblique patient 46.0 -80.0 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses ond Oneida 3 No antipassive 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Simple Clauses orh Oromo (Harar) 3 No antipassive 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses otm Otomí (Mezquital) 3 No antipassive 20.1666666667 -99.1666666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses pms Paamese 3 No antipassive -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses pai Paiwan 2 Oblique patient 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Simple Clauses pan Panjabi 3 No antipassive 31.0 74.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 3 No antipassive 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses pau Paumarí 3 No antipassive -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Simple Clauses prs Persian 3 No antipassive 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses prh Pirahã 3 No antipassive -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Simple Clauses pmc Pomo (Central) 3 No antipassive 39.0 -123.333333333 Pomoan Hokan Simple Clauses par Päri 2 Oblique patient 5.0 32.5 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses qaf Qafar 3 No antipassive 12.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses qim Quechua (Imbabura) 3 No antipassive 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses ram Rama 3 No antipassive 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Simple Clauses rap Rapanui 3 No antipassive -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses rus Russian 3 No antipassive 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses sam Samoan 3 No antipassive -13.9166666667 -171.833333333 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses san Sango 3 No antipassive 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Simple Clauses snm Sanuma 2 Oblique patient 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Simple Clauses snc Seneca 3 No antipassive 42.5 -77.5 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Simple Clauses shk Shipibo-Konibo 3 No antipassive -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Simple Clauses sla Slave 3 No antipassive 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses spa Spanish 3 No antipassive 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses sue Suena 3 No antipassive -7.75 147.55 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses sup Supyire 3 No antipassive 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Simple Clauses swa Swahili 3 No antipassive -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses tab Taba 3 No antipassive 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Simple Clauses tag Tagalog 3 No antipassive 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Simple Clauses tap Taiap 3 No antipassive -4.08333333333 144.5 Taiap Taiap Simple Clauses tml Tamil 3 No antipassive 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses tau Tauya 3 No antipassive -5.75 145.333333333 Rai Coast Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses tha Thai 3 No antipassive 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses tho Thompson 1 Implicit patient 49.75 -121.75 Interior Salish Salishan Simple Clauses tiw Tiwi 3 No antipassive -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Simple Clauses tsz Tsez 2 Oblique patient 42.25 45.75 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses tuk Tukang Besi 3 No antipassive -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Simple Clauses tur Turkish 3 No antipassive 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses tvl Tuvaluan 3 No antipassive -8.5 179.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses tzu Tzutujil 2 Oblique patient 14.6666666667 -91.3333333333 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses ukr Ukrainian 3 No antipassive 49.0 33.0 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses una Una 3 No antipassive -4.66666666667 140.0 Mek Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses usa Usan 3 No antipassive -4.83333333333 145.166666667 North Adelbert Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses uzb Uzbek 3 No antipassive 39.0 66.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses vie Vietnamese 3 No antipassive 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses wam Wambaya 3 No antipassive -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Simple Clauses wra Warao 3 No antipassive 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Simple Clauses wrd Wardaman 2 Oblique patient -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Simple Clauses war Wari' 3 No antipassive -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Simple Clauses wgu Warrongo 2 Oblique patient -18.0 145.0 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses wic Wichita 3 No antipassive 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Simple Clauses wch Wichí 3 No antipassive -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Simple Clauses yag Yagua 3 No antipassive -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Simple Clauses yaq Yaqui 3 No antipassive 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses yaz Yazgulyam 3 No antipassive 38.5 71.5 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses yid Yidiny 2 Oblique patient -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses yim Yimas 3 No antipassive -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Simple Clauses yor Yoruba 3 No antipassive 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses yuk Yukulta 2 Oblique patient -17.3333333333 138.833333333 Tangkic Tangkic Simple Clauses ypk Yup'ik (Central) 2 Oblique patient 59.5 -160.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Simple Clauses yur Yurok 3 No antipassive 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Simple Clauses zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 1 Implicit patient 17.0 -93.25 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Simple Clauses zul Zulu 3 No antipassive -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses