John Hajek. 2013. Vowel Nasalization. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/10, Accessed on 2026-06-11.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area aka Aka 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 2.66666666667 16.25 Bantu Niger-Congo Phonology avt Avatime 2 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading 6.83333333333 0.416666666667 Ka-Togo Niger-Congo Phonology bfi Bafia 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 5.0 11.1666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Phonology blz Balanta 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 12.25 -15.3333333333 Balanta Niger-Congo Phonology ban Bana 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 10.4166666667 13.5833333333 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Phonology ble Baoulé 2 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading 7.0 -5.0 Tano Niger-Congo Phonology bsr Basari 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 12.6666666667 -13.0 Tenda Niger-Congo Phonology bfd Biafada 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 11.4166666667 -15.1666666667 Jaad Niger-Congo Phonology buy Buli (in Ghana) 4 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ vs. /Vː/) without nasal spreading 10.5 -1.25 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Phonology dga Dagaare 3 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) with nasal spreading 10.5 -2.66666666667 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Phonology dgb Dagbani 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 9.58333333333 -0.5 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Phonology day Day 2 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading 8.75 17.8333333333 Day Niger-Congo Phonology doy Doyayo 5 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ v /Vː/) with nasal spreading 8.66666666667 13.0833333333 Samba-Duru Niger-Congo Phonology ebi Ebira 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 8.16666666667 7.0 Nupoid Niger-Congo Phonology ega Ega 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 5.5 -5.5 Ega Niger-Congo Phonology gad Gade 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 8.66666666667 7.41666666667 Gade Niger-Congo Phonology gbk Gbaya (Northwest) 5 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ v /Vː/) with nasal spreading 6.0 15.0 Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka Niger-Congo Phonology gir Gula Iro 5 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ v /Vː/) with nasal spreading 10.25 19.4166666667 Bua Niger-Congo Phonology grm Gurma 4 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ vs. /Vː/) without nasal spreading 12.25 1.0 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Phonology kis Kisi 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 8.83333333333 -10.1666666667 Southern Mel Niger-Congo Phonology krn Korana 3 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) with nasal spreading -29.5 20.5 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Phonology ksp Kosop 2 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading 9.91666666667 15.9166666667 Kim Niger-Congo Phonology ktk Kotoko 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 11.3333333333 15.3333333333 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Phonology laa Laal 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 10.0 17.6666666667 Laal Laal Phonology lam Lamé 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 9.0 14.5 Masa Afro-Asiatic Phonology lok Loko 3 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) with nasal spreading 9.33333333333 -12.0833333333 Western Mande Mande Phonology mdz Mada (in Nigeria) 2 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading 8.75 8.25 Benue-Congo Plateau Niger-Congo Phonology mdk Mandinka 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 13.0 -15.6666666667 Western Mande Mande Phonology mby Mbay 4 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ vs. /Vː/) without nasal spreading 8.25 17.5 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Phonology mdo Mbodomo 3 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) with nasal spreading 4.5 15.5 Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka Niger-Congo Phonology moo Mooré 4 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ vs. /Vː/) without nasal spreading 12.8333333333 -1.25 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Phonology oku Oku 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 6.25 10.5 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Phonology pod Podoko 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 11.0 14.0833333333 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Phonology fma Pulaar 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 16.5 -13.75 Peul-Serer Niger-Congo Phonology snd Senadi 5 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ v /Vː/) with nasal spreading 9.5 -6.25 Senufo Niger-Congo Phonology tne Temne 2 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading 8.66666666667 -13.0833333333 Northern Mel Niger-Congo Phonology tik Tikar 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 5.83333333333 11.6666666667 Tikar Niger-Congo Phonology dts Toro So 4 four-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /ṽː/ vs. /V/ vs. /Vː/) without nasal spreading 14.4166666667 -3.25 Dogon Dogon Phonology wmn Wéménugbé 2 two-way nasal vs. oral vowel contrast (/ṽ/ vs. /V/) without nasal spreading 6.66666666667 2.5 Tano Niger-Congo Phonology yem Yemba 1 no nasal vs. oral vowel contrast 5.41666666667 10.0833333333 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Phonology