Jae Jung Song. 2013. Periphrastic Causative Constructions. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/110, Accessed on 2026-06-10.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 2 Purposive but no sequential 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses aji Ajië 2 Purposive but no sequential -21.3333333333 165.5 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses ame Amele 1 Sequential but no purposive -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 2 Purposive but no sequential 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses arm Armenian (Eastern) 2 Purposive but no sequential 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Simple Clauses atc Atchin 1 Sequential but no purposive -16.0 167.333333333 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses awn Awngi 2 Purposive but no sequential 10.8333333333 36.6666666667 Central Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses bab Babungo 1 Sequential but no purposive 6.11666666667 10.4166666667 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Simple Clauses bag Bagirmi 1 Sequential but no purposive 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Simple Clauses bsq Basque 2 Purposive but no sequential 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Simple Clauses bkr Batak (Karo) 2 Purposive but no sequential 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Simple Clauses brm Burmese 2 Purposive but no sequential 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses cha Chamorro 2 Purposive but no sequential 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Simple Clauses die Diegueño (Mesa Grande) 1 Sequential but no purposive 32.6666666667 -116.166666667 Yuman Hokan Simple Clauses diy Diyari 1 Sequential but no purposive -28.0 139.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses djr Djaru 2 Purposive but no sequential -18.75 128.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses eng English 1 Sequential but no purposive 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses epe Epena Pedee 1 Sequential but no purposive 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Simple Clauses ewe Ewe 1 Sequential but no purposive 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Simple Clauses fij Fijian 2 Purposive but no sequential -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses fin Finnish 2 Purposive but no sequential 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Simple Clauses geo Georgian 2 Purposive but no sequential 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Simple Clauses ger German 1 Sequential but no purposive 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses goo Gooniyandi 2 Purposive but no sequential -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Simple Clauses grk Greek (Modern) 2 Purposive but no sequential 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Simple Clauses hau Hausa 1 Sequential but no purposive 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses heb Hebrew (Modern) 2 Purposive but no sequential 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses hin Hindi 2 Purposive but no sequential 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses hmo Hmong Njua 1 Sequential but no purposive 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Simple Clauses hun Hungarian 3 Both 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Simple Clauses igb Igbo 1 Sequential but no purposive 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ika Ika 2 Purposive but no sequential 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Simple Clauses ind Indonesian 1 Sequential but no purposive 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Simple Clauses iri Irish 2 Purposive but no sequential 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Simple Clauses jak Jakaltek 3 Both 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses knd Kannada 2 Purposive but no sequential 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses knr Kanuri 1 Sequential but no purposive 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Simple Clauses kay Kayardild 2 Purposive but no sequential -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Simple Clauses khm Khmer 3 Both 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses kmu Khmu' 1 Sequential but no purposive 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses klv Kilivila 1 Sequential but no purposive -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses kin Kinyarwanda 3 Both -2.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses krb Kiribati 2 Purposive but no sequential 1.33333333333 173.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses kob Kobon 1 Sequential but no purposive -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses kol Kolami 2 Purposive but no sequential 20.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses kor Korean 2 Purposive but no sequential 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Simple Clauses kfe Koromfe 1 Sequential but no purposive 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Simple Clauses kse Koyraboro Senni 3 Both 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Simple Clauses kro Krongo 2 Purposive but no sequential 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Simple Clauses knm Kunama 3 Both 14.5 37.0 Kunama Kunama Simple Clauses lah Lahu 2 Purposive but no sequential 20.0 98.1666666667 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses lan Lango 3 Both 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses lat Latvian 2 Purposive but no sequential 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Simple Clauses lav Lavukaleve 1 Sequential but no purposive -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Simple Clauses lep Lepcha 2 Purposive but no sequential 27.1666666667 88.5 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses let Leti 1 Sequential but no purposive -8.2 127.666666667 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Simple Clauses lez Lezgian 2 Purposive but no sequential 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses lim Limbu 2 Purposive but no sequential 27.1666666667 87.75 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses maa Maasai 2 Purposive but no sequential -3.0 36.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses mal Malagasy 2 Purposive but no sequential -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Simple Clauses mnm Manam 1 Sequential but no purposive -4.0 145.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses mao Maori 2 Purposive but no sequential -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses mhi Marathi 2 Purposive but no sequential 19.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses mrt Martuthunira 2 Purposive but no sequential -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses may Maybrat 1 Sequential but no purposive -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Simple Clauses mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 1 Sequential but no purposive 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses mul Mulao 1 Sequential but no purposive 25.0 108.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses mrl Murle 2 Purposive but no sequential 6.5 33.5 South Surmic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 2 Purposive but no sequential 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses nav Navajo 1 Sequential but no purposive 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses ndy Ndyuka 1 Sequential but no purposive 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Simple Clauses ngi Ngiyambaa 2 Purposive but no sequential -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses nym Nyamwezi 2 Purposive but no sequential -5.0 33.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ond Oneida 2 Purposive but no sequential 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Simple Clauses orh Oromo (Harar) 2 Purposive but no sequential 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses otm Otomí (Mezquital) 2 Purposive but no sequential 20.1666666667 -99.1666666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses pms Paamese 1 Sequential but no purposive -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 1 Sequential but no purposive 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses pau Paumarí 2 Purposive but no sequential -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Simple Clauses prs Persian 2 Purposive but no sequential 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses prh Pirahã 2 Purposive but no sequential -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Simple Clauses ram Rama 2 Purposive but no sequential 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Simple Clauses rej Rejang 1 Sequential but no purposive -3.41666666667 102.5 Rejang Austronesian Simple Clauses ret Retuarã 2 Purposive but no sequential -0.5 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Simple Clauses rus Russian 2 Purposive but no sequential 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses src Sarcee 2 Purposive but no sequential 52.5 -116.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses shk Shipibo-Konibo 2 Purposive but no sequential -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Simple Clauses shn Shona 2 Purposive but no sequential -18.0 31.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses shu Shuswap 2 Purposive but no sequential 52.0 -120.0 Interior Salish Salishan Simple Clauses spa Spanish 3 Both 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses sup Supyire 3 Both 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Simple Clauses swa Swahili 2 Purposive but no sequential -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses tab Taba 1 Sequential but no purposive 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Simple Clauses tag Tagalog 2 Purposive but no sequential 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Simple Clauses tml Tamil 2 Purposive but no sequential 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses tha Thai 3 Both 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses tib Tibetan (Standard Spoken) 2 Purposive but no sequential 30.0 91.0 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses tuk Tukang Besi 3 Both -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Simple Clauses tna Turkana 1 Sequential but no purposive 3.0 35.5 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses tur Turkish 2 Purposive but no sequential 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses tvl Tuvaluan 3 Both -8.5 179.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses tzo Tzotzil 2 Purposive but no sequential 16.5 -92.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses ung Ungarinjin 2 Purposive but no sequential -16.3333333333 126.0 Worrorran Worrorran Simple Clauses vai Vai 2 Purposive but no sequential 6.91666666667 -11.25 Western Mande Mande Simple Clauses vie Vietnamese 3 Both 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses wam Wambaya 2 Purposive but no sequential -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Simple Clauses war Wari' 2 Purposive but no sequential -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Simple Clauses wrl Warlpiri 2 Purposive but no sequential -20.0 132.333333333 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses wic Wichita 2 Purposive but no sequential 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Simple Clauses wch Wichí 1 Sequential but no purposive -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Simple Clauses yap Yapese 1 Sequential but no purposive 9.58333333333 138.166666667 Yapese Austronesian Simple Clauses yaq Yaqui 2 Purposive but no sequential 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses yay Yay 1 Sequential but no purposive 22.4166666667 104.75 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses yid Yidiny 2 Purposive but no sequential -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses yim Yimas 3 Both -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Simple Clauses yor Yoruba 3 Both 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses yuw Yuwaalaraay 2 Purposive but no sequential -29.5 148.0 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses zul Zulu 2 Purposive but no sequential -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses