Martin Haspelmath. 2013. Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/115, Accessed on 2026-06-15.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 1 Predicate negation also present 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses abu Abun 1 Predicate negation also present -0.5 132.5 Abun Abun Simple Clauses ace Acehnese 1 Predicate negation also present 5.5 95.5 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Simple Clauses ady Adyghe (Abzakh) 1 Predicate negation also present 45.2333333333 40.5833333333 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses ain Ainu 1 Predicate negation also present 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Simple Clauses ano Anong 1 Predicate negation also present 27.3333333333 98.75 Nungish Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 1 Predicate negation also present 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses ana Araona 1 Predicate negation also present -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Simple Clauses ass Assamese 1 Predicate negation also present 26.0 93.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses awp Awa Pit 1 Predicate negation also present 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Simple Clauses bab Babungo 1 Predicate negation also present 6.11666666667 10.4166666667 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Simple Clauses bag Bagirmi 1 Predicate negation also present 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Simple Clauses brs Barasano 4 Negative existential construction -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Simple Clauses bae Baré 1 Predicate negation also present 1.0 -67.0 Japura-Colombia Arawakan Simple Clauses bsq Basque 1 Predicate negation also present 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Simple Clauses bkr Batak (Karo) 1 Predicate negation also present 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Simple Clauses baw Bawm 1 Predicate negation also present 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 1 Predicate negation also present 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses bbw Bininj Gun-Wok 1 Predicate negation also present -12.5 133.75 Marne Gunwinyguan Simple Clauses biu Bisu 1 Predicate negation also present 19.75 100.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses boz Bozo (Tigemaxo) 1 Predicate negation also present 15.0 -4.0 Western Mande Mande Simple Clauses brh Brahui 1 Predicate negation also present 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses bud Buduma 1 Predicate negation also present 13.5 14.5 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses bul Bulgarian 1 Predicate negation also present 42.5 25.0 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses brm Burmese 1 Predicate negation also present 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses cnl Canela 1 Predicate negation also present -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Simple Clauses cnt Cantonese 1 Predicate negation also present 23.0 113.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses ctl Catalan 1 Predicate negation also present 41.75 2.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses cha Chamorro 2 No predicate negation 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Simple Clauses chn Chantyal 1 Predicate negation also present 28.5833333333 83.4166666667 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses cch Chocho 2 No predicate negation 17.6666666667 -97.4166666667 Popolocan Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses chk Chukchi 1 Predicate negation also present 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Simple Clauses coo Coos (Hanis) 1 Predicate negation also present 43.5 -124.166666667 Coosan Oregon Coast Simple Clauses cop Coptic 1 Predicate negation also present 26.0 32.0 Egyptian-Coptic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses dgr Dagur 1 Predicate negation also present 48.0 124.0 Mongolic Altaic Simple Clauses dji Djingili 1 Predicate negation also present -17.75 134.0 Djingili Mirndi Simple Clauses dut Dutch 2 No predicate negation 52.5 6.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses eng English 3 Mixed behaviour 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses epe Epena Pedee 1 Predicate negation also present 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Simple Clauses eve Evenki 1 Predicate negation also present 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Simple Clauses fin Finnish 1 Predicate negation also present 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Simple Clauses fon Fongbe 1 Predicate negation also present 6.41666666667 2.16666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Simple Clauses fre French 3 Mixed behaviour 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses fue Futuna (East) 4 Negative existential construction -14.3333333333 -178.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses geo Georgian 3 Mixed behaviour 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Simple Clauses ger German 2 No predicate negation 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses goo Gooniyandi 1 Predicate negation also present -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Simple Clauses grk Greek (Modern) 1 Predicate negation also present 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Simple Clauses grw Greenlandic (West) 1 Predicate negation also present 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Simple Clauses gua Guaraní 1 Predicate negation also present -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Simple Clauses guj Gujarati 1 Predicate negation also present 23.0 72.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses grg Gurr-goni 1 Predicate negation also present -12.25 134.416666667 Burarran Mangrida Simple Clauses hai Haida 1 Predicate negation also present 53.0 -132.0 Haida Haida Simple Clauses hau Hausa 1 Predicate negation also present 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses heb Hebrew (Modern) 1 Predicate negation also present 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses hin Hindi 1 Predicate negation also present 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses hmo Hmong Njua 1 Predicate negation also present 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Simple Clauses hun Hungarian 1 Predicate negation also present 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Simple Clauses hzb Hunzib 1 Predicate negation also present 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses ice Icelandic 3 Mixed behaviour 65.0 -17.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses ind Indonesian 1 Predicate negation also present 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Simple Clauses irq Iraqw 4 Negative existential construction -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses iri Irish 1 Predicate negation also present 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Simple Clauses ita Italian 3 Mixed behaviour 43.0 12.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses itz Itzaj 3 Mixed behaviour 17.0 -89.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses jam Jaminjung 1 Predicate negation also present -15.0833333333 130.5 Jaminjungan Mirndi Simple Clauses jpn Japanese 1 Predicate negation also present 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Simple Clauses jel Jeli 1 Predicate negation also present 9.5 -5.66666666667 Western Mande Mande Simple Clauses kma Kamaiurá 1 Predicate negation also present -12.0833333333 -52.5833333333 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Simple Clauses kan Kana 1 Predicate negation also present 4.75 7.41666666667 Ogonoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses knd Kannada 1 Predicate negation also present 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses knr Kanuri 1 Predicate negation also present 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Simple Clauses kkp Karakalpak 1 Predicate negation also present 43.0 60.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses kas Kashmiri 1 Predicate negation also present 34.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses kaz Kazakh 1 Predicate negation also present 50.0 70.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses ker Kera 1 Predicate negation also present 9.83333333333 15.0833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses ket Ket 1 Predicate negation also present 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Simple Clauses kmh Kham 1 Predicate negation also present 28.5 82.75 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses kty Khanty 1 Predicate negation also present 65.0 65.0 Ugric Uralic Simple Clauses khs Khasi 1 Predicate negation also present 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses khm Khmer 1 Predicate negation also present 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses kmu Khmu' 1 Predicate negation also present 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses klv Kilivila 1 Predicate negation also present -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses kio Kiowa 1 Predicate negation also present 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Simple Clauses koa Koasati 1 Predicate negation also present 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Simple Clauses kob Kobon 1 Predicate negation also present -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses kod Kodava 1 Predicate negation also present 12.1666666667 76.8333333333 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses kzy Komi-Zyrian 1 Predicate negation also present 65.0 55.0 Permic Uralic Simple Clauses kor Korean 1 Predicate negation also present 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Simple Clauses kku Korku 1 Predicate negation also present 22.5 78.5 Munda Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses kfe Koromfe 1 Predicate negation also present 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Simple Clauses kse Koyraboro Senni 1 Predicate negation also present 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Simple Clauses kug Kunming 1 Predicate negation also present 25.0 102.75 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses lak Lak 1 Predicate negation also present 42.1666666667 47.1666666667 Lak Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses lkt Lakhota 1 Predicate negation also present 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Simple Clauses lan Lango 4 Negative existential construction 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Simple Clauses lat Latvian 1 Predicate negation also present 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Simple Clauses lav Lavukaleve 1 Predicate negation also present -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Simple Clauses lel Lele 1 Predicate negation also present 9.08333333333 15.5833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses lez Lezgian 1 Predicate negation also present 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses lil Lillooet 1 Predicate negation also present 50.75 -122.0 Interior Salish Salishan Simple Clauses lin Lingala 1 Predicate negation also present 2.0 18.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses lit Lithuanian 1 Predicate negation also present 55.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Simple Clauses mad Ma'di 1 Predicate negation also present 3.25 31.5 Moru-Ma'di Central Sudanic Simple Clauses mle Maale 1 Predicate negation also present 6.0 36.9166666667 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses mac Macushi 1 Predicate negation also present 4.0 -60.0 Cariban Cariban Simple Clauses mym Malayalam 1 Predicate negation also present 10.0 76.5 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses mlg Malgwa 3 Mixed behaviour 11.5 13.75 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses mlt Maltese 3 Mixed behaviour 35.9166666667 14.4166666667 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses mto Malto 1 Predicate negation also present 25.0 87.3333333333 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses mnd Mandarin 1 Predicate negation also present 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses myi Mangarrayi 2 No predicate negation -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Simple Clauses mao Maori 1 Predicate negation also present -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses map Mapudungun 1 Predicate negation also present -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Simple Clauses mhi Marathi 1 Predicate negation also present 19.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses mme Mari (Meadow) 1 Predicate negation also present 57.0 48.0 Mari Uralic Simple Clauses may Maybrat 1 Predicate negation also present -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Simple Clauses mby Mbay 1 Predicate negation also present 8.25 17.5 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Simple Clauses mbi Mbili 1 Predicate negation also present 6.11666666667 10.2 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Simple Clauses mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 2 No predicate negation 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses miy Miya 1 Predicate negation also present 10.9166666667 9.66666666667 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses mcv Mocoví 4 Negative existential construction -28.0 -60.5 Qom Guaicuruan Simple Clauses moe Mordvin (Erzya) 1 Predicate negation also present 53.0 45.5 Mordvin Uralic Simple Clauses mos Mosetén 1 Predicate negation also present -14.75 -67.8333333333 Mosetenan Mosetenan Simple Clauses mdg Mundang 1 Predicate negation also present 9.66666666667 14.5 Mbumic Niger-Congo Simple Clauses mun Mundari 1 Predicate negation also present 23.0 84.6666666667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses mgu Musgu 1 Predicate negation also present 10.8333333333 14.9166666667 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 2 No predicate negation 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses nai Nanai 1 Predicate negation also present 49.5 137.0 Tungusic Altaic Simple Clauses nav Navajo 1 Predicate negation also present 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses ndj Ndjébbana 1 Predicate negation also present -12.1666666667 134.116666667 Ndjébbana Mangrida Simple Clauses nel Nelemwa 4 Negative existential construction -20.25 164.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses nep Nepali 1 Predicate negation also present 28.0 85.0 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses nwd Newar (Dolakha) 1 Predicate negation also present 27.3333333333 86.0 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses nti Ngiti 1 Predicate negation also present 1.33333333333 30.25 Lendu Central Sudanic Simple Clauses ngi Ngiyambaa 1 Predicate negation also present -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Simple Clauses niu Niuean 1 Predicate negation also present -19.05 -170.116666667 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses niv Nivkh 1 Predicate negation also present 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Simple Clauses nko Nkore-Kiga 4 Negative existential construction -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses nua Nuaulu 1 Predicate negation also present -3.25 129.166666667 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Simple Clauses ood O'odham 1 Predicate negation also present 32.0 -112.0 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses oji Ojibwa (Eastern) 1 Predicate negation also present 46.0 -80.0 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses orh Oromo (Harar) 1 Predicate negation also present 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses oss Ossetic 2 No predicate negation 43.0 44.0 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses pms Paamese 1 Predicate negation also present -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses pno Paiute (Northern) 1 Predicate negation also present 42.0 -118.0 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses pai Paiwan 1 Predicate negation also present 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Simple Clauses prs Persian 1 Predicate negation also present 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses pol Polish 1 Predicate negation also present 52.0 20.0 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses pop Popoloca (Metzontla) 1 Predicate negation also present 18.1666666667 -97.5 Popolocan Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses por Portuguese 3 Mixed behaviour 39.0 -8.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses pur Purépecha 2 No predicate negation 19.5 -101.666666667 Tarascan Tarascan Simple Clauses pae Páez 1 Predicate negation also present 2.66666666667 -76.0 Páezan Páezan Simple Clauses qia Qiang 1 Predicate negation also present 32.0 102.666666667 Na-Qiangic Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses qhu Quechua (Huallaga) 1 Predicate negation also present -9.5 -75.5 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses qim Quechua (Imbabura) 1 Predicate negation also present 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses raw Rawang 1 Predicate negation also present 27.5 97.5 Nungish Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses ret Retuarã 1 Predicate negation also present -0.5 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Simple Clauses rom Romanian 1 Predicate negation also present 46.0 25.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses rus Russian 1 Predicate negation also present 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses sno Saami (Northern) 1 Predicate negation also present 69.0 24.0 Saami Uralic Simple Clauses skp Selkup 1 Predicate negation also present 65.0 82.0 Samoyedic Uralic Simple Clauses scr Serbian-Croatian 1 Predicate negation also present 44.0 19.0 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses shk Shipibo-Konibo 1 Predicate negation also present -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Simple Clauses sla Slave 1 Predicate negation also present 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses som Somali 1 Predicate negation also present 3.0 45.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses spa Spanish 3 Mixed behaviour 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses squ Squamish 1 Predicate negation also present 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Simple Clauses sup Supyire 1 Predicate negation also present 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Simple Clauses swa Swahili 1 Predicate negation also present -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses swe Swedish 3 Mixed behaviour 60.0 15.0 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses tab Taba 3 Mixed behaviour 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Simple Clauses tag Tagalog 1 Predicate negation also present 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Simple Clauses tah Tahitian 4 Negative existential construction -17.6666666667 -149.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses tam Tamang (Eastern) 1 Predicate negation also present 27.5 85.666666666667 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses tml Tamil 1 Predicate negation also present 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses teo Teop 4 Negative existential construction -5.66666666667 155.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses tpn Tepehuan (Northern) 1 Predicate negation also present 26.3333333333 -107.0 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses trb Teribe 1 Predicate negation also present 9.33333333333 -82.6666666667 Western Isthmic Chibchan Chibchan Simple Clauses ttn Tetun 1 Predicate negation also present -9.0 126.0 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Simple Clauses tha Thai 1 Predicate negation also present 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses tid Tidore 1 Predicate negation also present 0.75 127.5 North Halmaheran North Halmaheran Simple Clauses tja Tiipay (Jamul) 1 Predicate negation also present 32.1666666667 -116.5 Yuman Hokan Simple Clauses tiw Tiwi 2 No predicate negation -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Simple Clauses tke Tokelauan 4 Negative existential construction -9.0 -172.0 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses tms Tommo So 1 Predicate negation also present 15.0 -3.0 Dogon Dogon Simple Clauses tru Trumai 1 Predicate negation also present -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Simple Clauses tur Turkish 1 Predicate negation also present 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses tvl Tuvaluan 4 Negative existential construction -8.5 179.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses tuv Tuvan 1 Predicate negation also present 52.0 95.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses tzu Tzutujil 2 No predicate negation 14.6666666667 -91.3333333333 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses udh Udihe 1 Predicate negation also present 47.6666666667 136.25 Tungusic Altaic Simple Clauses udm Udmurt 1 Predicate negation also present 57.5 52.5 Permic Uralic Simple Clauses uku Upper Kuskokwim 4 Negative existential construction 63.0 -157.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses urk Urubú-Kaapor 1 Predicate negation also present -2.33333333333 -46.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Simple Clauses vie Vietnamese 1 Predicate negation also present 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses wch Wichí 1 Predicate negation also present -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Simple Clauses wlf Wolof 1 Predicate negation also present 15.25 -16.0 Wolof Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ykt Yakut 1 Predicate negation also present 62.0 130.0 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses yaq Yaqui 3 Mixed behaviour 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 1 Predicate negation also present 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Simple Clauses ytu Yukaghir (Tundra) 1 Predicate negation also present 69.0 155.0 Yukaghir Yukaghir Simple Clauses zaq Zapotec (Quiegolani) 1 Predicate negation also present 16.1666666667 -96.0833333333 Zapotecan Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses zaz Zazaki 1 Predicate negation also present 39.0 41.0 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses zul Zulu 1 Predicate negation also present -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Simple Clauses zun Zuni 1 Predicate negation also present 35.0833333333 -108.833333333 Zuni Zuni Simple Clauses