Bernard Comrie, Tania Kuteva. 2013. Relativization on Subjects. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/122, Accessed on 2026-06-10.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 4 Gap 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Complex Sentences ace Acehnese 4 Gap 5.5 95.5 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Complex Sentences aco Acoma 1 Relative pronoun 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Complex Sentences ala Alamblak 4 Gap -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Complex Sentences ame Amele 2 Non-reduction -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences any Anywa 4 Gap 8.0 33.5 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 4 Gap 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences arp Arapesh (Mountain) 4 Gap -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Complex Sentences bab Babungo 3 Pronoun-retention 6.11666666667 10.4166666667 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Complex Sentences bag Bagirmi 4 Gap 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Complex Sentences bak Baka (in Cameroon) 3 Pronoun-retention 2.58333333333 13.5833333333 Ubangi Niger-Congo Complex Sentences bam Bambara 2 Non-reduction 12.5 -7.5 Western Mande Mande Complex Sentences brs Barasano 4 Gap -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Complex Sentences bar Bari 4 Gap 5.0 31.6666666667 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences bsq Basque 4 Gap 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Complex Sentences bkr Batak (Karo) 4 Gap 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Complex Sentences baw Bawm 4 Gap 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 4 Gap 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences bob Bobangi 4 Gap -1.33333333333 17.3333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences blq Bole 4 Gap 11.3333333333 11.25 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences brh Brahui 4 Gap 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Complex Sentences bul Bulgarian 1 Relative pronoun 42.5 25.0 Slavic Indo-European Complex Sentences brm Burmese 4 Gap 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences bur Burushaski 4 Gap 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Complex Sentences cah Cahuilla 2 Non-reduction 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Complex Sentences cnl Canela 2 Non-reduction -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Complex Sentences cha Chamorro 4 Gap 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Complex Sentences cle Chinantec (Lealao) 4 Gap 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Complex Sentences chk Chukchi 4 Gap 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Complex Sentences dag Daga 4 Gap -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences dgb Dagbani 4 Gap 9.58333333333 -0.5 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Complex Sentences dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 4 Gap -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences deg Degema 4 Gap 4.75 6.75 Edoid Niger-Congo Complex Sentences die Diegueño (Mesa Grande) 2 Non-reduction 32.6666666667 -116.166666667 Yuman Hokan Complex Sentences diy Diyari 4 Gap -28.0 139.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences eng English 1 Relative pronoun 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Complex Sentences epe Epena Pedee 2 Non-reduction 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Complex Sentences eve Evenki 4 Gap 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Complex Sentences ewa Ewe (Anlo) 4 Gap 6.0 1.0 Gbe Niger-Congo Complex Sentences fij Fijian 4 Gap -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences fin Finnish 1 Relative pronoun 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Complex Sentences fre French 1 Relative pronoun 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Complex Sentences fur Fur 4 Gap 13.5 25.0 Fur Fur Complex Sentences fye Fyem 4 Gap 9.58333333333 9.33333333333 Benue-Congo Plateau Niger-Congo Complex Sentences gae Gaelic (Scots) 4 Gap 57.0 -4.0 Celtic Indo-European Complex Sentences geo Georgian 1 Relative pronoun 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Complex Sentences ger German 1 Relative pronoun 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Complex Sentences gdr Gidar 4 Gap 10.0 14.0 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences giz Giziga 4 Gap 10.3333333333 14.1666666667 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences goo Gooniyandi 2 Non-reduction -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Complex Sentences grk Greek (Modern) 1 Relative pronoun 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Complex Sentences grw Greenlandic (West) 4 Gap 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Complex Sentences gua Guaraní 4 Gap -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Complex Sentences hau Hausa 4 Gap 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences heb Hebrew (Modern) 4 Gap 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences hin Hindi 2 Non-reduction 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Complex Sentences hix Hixkaryana 4 Gap -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Complex Sentences hmo Hmong Njua 4 Gap 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Complex Sentences hun Hungarian 1 Relative pronoun 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Complex Sentences hzb Hunzib 4 Gap 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Complex Sentences ik Ik 4 Gap 3.75 34.1666666667 Kuliak Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences ika Ika 2 Non-reduction 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Complex Sentences imo Imonda 4 Gap -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Complex Sentences ind Indonesian 4 Gap 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Complex Sentences ing Ingush 4 Gap 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Complex Sentences iri Irish 4 Gap 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Complex Sentences ita Italian 1 Relative pronoun 43.0 12.0 Romance Indo-European Complex Sentences jak Jakaltek 4 Gap 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Complex Sentences jpn Japanese 4 Gap 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Complex Sentences kam Kambera 4 Gap -9.83333333333 120.166666667 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Complex Sentences knd Kannada 4 Gap 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Complex Sentences krc Karachay-Balkar 4 Gap 43.5 42.0 Turkic Altaic Complex Sentences kyl Kayah Li (Eastern) 3 Pronoun-retention 19.0 97.5 Karen Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences kay Kayardild 4 Gap -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Complex Sentences kha Khalkha 4 Gap 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Complex Sentences khm Khmer 4 Gap 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Complex Sentences klv Kilivila 4 Gap -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences kin Kinyarwanda 4 Gap -2.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences kio Kiowa 2 Non-reduction 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Complex Sentences kis Kisi 4 Gap 8.83333333333 -10.1666666667 Southern Mel Niger-Congo Complex Sentences koa Koasati 2 Non-reduction 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Complex Sentences kob Kobon 4 Gap -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences kjr Koorete 4 Gap 5.83333333333 37.8333333333 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences kko Koranko 2 Non-reduction 9.33333333333 -11.25 Western Mande Mande Complex Sentences kor Korean 4 Gap 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Complex Sentences kfe Koromfe 4 Gap 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Complex Sentences kch Koyra Chiini 4 Gap 17.0 -3.0 Songhay Songhay Complex Sentences kse Koyraboro Senni 4 Gap 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Complex Sentences kro Krongo 4 Gap 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Complex Sentences kul Kullo 4 Gap 6.75 37.0833333333 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences knm Kunama 4 Gap 14.5 37.0 Kunama Kunama Complex Sentences kxo Kxoe 4 Gap -17.5 22.5 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Complex Sentences lkt Lakhota 2 Non-reduction 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Complex Sentences lan Lango 4 Gap 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences lat Latvian 1 Relative pronoun 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Complex Sentences lav Lavukaleve 2 Non-reduction -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Complex Sentences lel Lele 4 Gap 9.08333333333 15.5833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences lez Lezgian 4 Gap 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Complex Sentences lin Lingala 4 Gap 2.0 18.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences luo Luo 4 Gap -0.5 34.75 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences luv Luvale 4 Gap -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences mle Maale 4 Gap 6.0 36.9166666667 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences maa Maasai 4 Gap -3.0 36.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences mal Malagasy 4 Gap -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Complex Sentences mnd Mandarin 4 Gap 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences mao Maori 4 Gap -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences map Mapudungun 4 Gap -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Complex Sentences mku Maranungku 2 Non-reduction -13.6666666667 130.0 Wagaydy Western Daly Complex Sentences mar Maricopa 2 Non-reduction 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Complex Sentences mrt Martuthunira 4 Gap -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences mau Maung 4 Gap -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Complex Sentences may Maybrat 4 Gap -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Complex Sentences mei Meithei 4 Gap 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 4 Gap 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Complex Sentences miy Miya 4 Gap 10.9166666667 9.66666666667 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences mna Muna 4 Gap -5.0 122.5 Celebic Austronesian Complex Sentences kho Nama 4 Gap -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Complex Sentences nbb Nambas (Big) 4 Gap -16.0833333333 167.2 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences nan Nandi 4 Gap 0.25 35.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences ndy Ndyuka 4 Gap 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Complex Sentences nge Ngemba 3 Pronoun-retention 6.2 10.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences ngi Ngiyambaa 4 Gap -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 4 Gap 18.25 30.75 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences nug Nunggubuyu 4 Gap -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Complex Sentences orh Oromo (Harar) 4 Gap 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences pms Paamese 4 Gap -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences pai Paiwan 4 Gap 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Complex Sentences psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 4 Gap 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Complex Sentences per Pero 4 Gap 9.58333333333 11.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences prs Persian 4 Gap 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Complex Sentences prh Pirahã 2 Non-reduction -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Complex Sentences pit Pitjantjatjara 4 Gap -26.0 130.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences qim Quechua (Imbabura) 4 Gap 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Complex Sentences ram Rama 2 Non-reduction 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Complex Sentences rap Rapanui 4 Gap -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences rus Russian 1 Relative pronoun 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Complex Sentences san Sango 4 Gap 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Complex Sentences snm Sanuma 2 Non-reduction 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Complex Sentences see Seediq 4 Gap 24.1666666667 121.416666667 Atayalic Austronesian Complex Sentences sla Slave 2 Non-reduction 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Complex Sentences so So 4 Gap 2.58333333333 34.75 Kuliak Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences stn Sotho (Northern) 4 Gap -24.0 29.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences spa Spanish 4 Gap 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Complex Sentences sup Supyire 2 Non-reduction 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Complex Sentences swa Swahili 4 Gap -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences tag Tagalog 4 Gap 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Complex Sentences tes Teso 4 Gap 1.83333333333 33.8333333333 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences tha Thai 4 Gap 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Complex Sentences tuk Tukang Besi 4 Gap -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Complex Sentences tur Turkish 4 Gap 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Complex Sentences ung Ungarinjin 4 Gap -16.3333333333 126.0 Worrorran Worrorran Complex Sentences usa Usan 2 Non-reduction -4.83333333333 145.166666667 North Adelbert Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences ven Venda 4 Gap -22.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences vie Vietnamese 4 Gap 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Complex Sentences wra Warao 2 Non-reduction 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Complex Sentences wrd Wardaman 4 Gap -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Complex Sentences war Wari' 4 Gap -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Complex Sentences wrn Warndarang 4 Gap -14.4166666667 135.583333333 Mara Mangarrayi-Maran Complex Sentences wic Wichita 4 Gap 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Complex Sentences ygr Yagaria 4 Gap -6.33333333333 145.416666667 Siane-Yagaria Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences yaq Yaqui 4 Gap 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Complex Sentences yid Yidiny 2 Non-reduction -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences yim Yimas 4 Gap -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Complex Sentences yor Yoruba 3 Pronoun-retention 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Complex Sentences yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 4 Gap 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Complex Sentences zul Zulu 4 Gap -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences