Sonia Cristofaro. 2013. 'When' Clauses. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/126, Accessed on 2026-06-09.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 3 Deranked 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Complex Sentences abu Abun 1 Balanced -0.5 132.5 Abun Abun Complex Sentences ace Acehnese 1 Balanced 5.5 95.5 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Complex Sentences aco Acoma 1 Balanced 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Complex Sentences ain Ainu 1 Balanced 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Complex Sentences akn Akan 2 Balanced/deranked 6.5 -1.25 Tano Niger-Congo Complex Sentences ala Alamblak 3 Deranked -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Complex Sentences ame Amele 3 Deranked -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences any Anywa 1 Balanced 8.0 33.5 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences apu Apurinã 1 Balanced -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Complex Sentences arg Arabic (Gulf) 2 Balanced/deranked 26.0 49.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences awp Awa Pit 3 Deranked 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Complex Sentences brs Barasano 3 Deranked -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Complex Sentences bsq Basque 2 Balanced/deranked 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Complex Sentences bkr Batak (Karo) 1 Balanced 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Complex Sentences baw Bawm 3 Deranked 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 2 Balanced/deranked 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences bdc Berbice Dutch Creole 1 Balanced 5.33333333333 -58.0 Creoles and Pidgins other Complex Sentences brh Brahui 1 Balanced 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Complex Sentences bur Burushaski 3 Deranked 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Complex Sentences cah Cahuilla 1 Balanced 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Complex Sentences cnl Canela 1 Balanced -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Complex Sentences cha Chamorro 1 Balanced 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Complex Sentences cle Chinantec (Lealao) 1 Balanced 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Complex Sentences cmn Comanche 3 Deranked 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Complex Sentences dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 3 Deranked -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences die Diegueño (Mesa Grande) 3 Deranked 32.6666666667 -116.166666667 Yuman Hokan Complex Sentences djp Djapu 1 Balanced -12.6666666667 136.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences dre Drehu 1 Balanced -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences emb Emberá (Northern) 1 Balanced 6.83333333333 -77.1666666667 Choco Choco Complex Sentences eng English 2 Balanced/deranked 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Complex Sentences epe Epena Pedee 1 Balanced 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Complex Sentences err Erromangan 1 Balanced -18.8333333333 169.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences eve Evenki 3 Deranked 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Complex Sentences ewe Ewe 1 Balanced 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Complex Sentences fij Fijian 1 Balanced -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences fin Finnish 2 Balanced/deranked 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Complex Sentences fre French 2 Balanced/deranked 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Complex Sentences fua Fulfulde (Adamawa) 2 Balanced/deranked 9.16666666667 13.5 Peul-Serer Niger-Congo Complex Sentences geo Georgian 2 Balanced/deranked 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Complex Sentences ger German 2 Balanced/deranked 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Complex Sentences gim Gimira 3 Deranked 7.0 35.75 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences goo Gooniyandi 2 Balanced/deranked -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Complex Sentences grb Grebo 1 Balanced 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Complex Sentences grk Greek (Modern) 1 Balanced 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Complex Sentences grw Greenlandic (West) 3 Deranked 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Complex Sentences gua Guaraní 1 Balanced -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Complex Sentences gum Gumbaynggir 1 Balanced -30.1666666667 152.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences ham Hamtai 3 Deranked -7.5 146.25 Nuclear Angan Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences hau Hausa 2 Balanced/deranked 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences heb Hebrew (Modern) 1 Balanced 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences hin Hindi 2 Balanced/deranked 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Complex Sentences hix Hixkaryana 3 Deranked -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Complex Sentences ho Ho 3 Deranked 22.0 86.0 Munda Austro-Asiatic Complex Sentences hun Hungarian 1 Balanced 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Complex Sentences igb Igbo 3 Deranked 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Complex Sentences ijo Ijo (Kolokuma) 3 Deranked 4.91666666667 5.66666666667 Ijoid Ijoid Complex Sentences ika Ika 3 Deranked 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Complex Sentences imo Imonda 1 Balanced -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Complex Sentences ind Indonesian 1 Balanced 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Complex Sentences ing Ingush 3 Deranked 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Complex Sentences irq Iraqw 3 Deranked -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences iri Irish 2 Balanced/deranked 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Complex Sentences ita Italian 2 Balanced/deranked 43.0 12.0 Romance Indo-European Complex Sentences itz Itzaj 2 Balanced/deranked 17.0 -89.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Complex Sentences jpn Japanese 2 Balanced/deranked 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Complex Sentences juh Ju|'hoan 1 Balanced -19.0 21.0 Ju-Kung Kxa Complex Sentences kan Kana 1 Balanced 4.75 7.41666666667 Ogonoid Niger-Congo Complex Sentences knd Kannada 3 Deranked 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Complex Sentences knr Kanuri 1 Balanced 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Complex Sentences kmj Karimojong 2 Balanced/deranked 3.0 34.1666666667 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences kas Kashmiri 2 Balanced/deranked 34.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Complex Sentences kay Kayardild 1 Balanced -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Complex Sentences kew Kewa 1 Balanced -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences kha Khalkha 3 Deranked 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Complex Sentences khs Khasi 1 Balanced 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Complex Sentences klv Kilivila 1 Balanced -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences kio Kiowa 3 Deranked 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Complex Sentences krb Kiribati 1 Balanced 1.33333333333 173.0 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences kob Kobon 1 Balanced -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Complex Sentences kor Korean 1 Balanced 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Complex Sentences kfe Koromfe 1 Balanced 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Complex Sentences kro Krongo 1 Balanced 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Complex Sentences lkt Lakhota 1 Balanced 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Complex Sentences lan Lango 1 Balanced 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences lav Lavukaleve 2 Balanced/deranked -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Complex Sentences lez Lezgian 3 Deranked 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Complex Sentences lim Limbu 2 Balanced/deranked 27.1666666667 87.75 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences lnd Linda 1 Balanced 6.5 20.75 Ubangi Niger-Congo Complex Sentences luv Luvale 2 Balanced/deranked -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences mal Malagasy 1 Balanced -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Complex Sentences mnd Mandarin 1 Balanced 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences myi Mangarrayi 2 Balanced/deranked -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Complex Sentences mao Maori 2 Balanced/deranked -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences map Mapudungun 3 Deranked -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Complex Sentences mhi Marathi 2 Balanced/deranked 19.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Complex Sentences mar Maricopa 3 Deranked 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Complex Sentences mrt Martuthunira 3 Deranked -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences mau Maung 1 Balanced -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Complex Sentences may Maybrat 1 Balanced -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Complex Sentences mei Meithei 3 Deranked 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 1 Balanced 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Complex Sentences miy Miya 1 Balanced 10.9166666667 9.66666666667 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences mok Mokilese 1 Balanced 6.66666666667 159.75 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences mna Muna 1 Balanced -5.0 122.5 Celebic Austronesian Complex Sentences ngt Naga (Tangkhul) 3 Deranked 25.0 94.5 Tangkhul-Maring Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 1 Balanced 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Complex Sentences kho Nama 1 Balanced -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Complex Sentences ndy Ndyuka 1 Balanced 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Complex Sentences nti Ngiti 1 Balanced 1.33333333333 30.25 Lendu Central Sudanic Complex Sentences ngi Ngiyambaa 2 Balanced/deranked -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences npi Nigerian Pidgin 1 Balanced 6.5 3.33333333333 Creoles and Pidgins other Complex Sentences niv Nivkh 3 Deranked 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Complex Sentences nko Nkore-Kiga 2 Balanced/deranked -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences noo Noon 3 Deranked 14.8333333333 -16.8333333333 Cangin Niger-Congo Complex Sentences nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 3 Deranked 18.25 30.75 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Complex Sentences nun Nung (in Vietnam) 1 Balanced 21.9166666667 106.416666667 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Complex Sentences orh Oromo (Harar) 1 Balanced 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences otm Otomí (Mezquital) 1 Balanced 20.1666666667 -99.1666666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Complex Sentences pms Paamese 1 Balanced -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences pai Paiwan 1 Balanced 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Complex Sentences pan Panjabi 2 Balanced/deranked 31.0 74.0 Indic Indo-European Complex Sentences pau Paumarí 1 Balanced -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Complex Sentences per Pero 1 Balanced 9.58333333333 11.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences prs Persian 1 Balanced 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Complex Sentences prh Pirahã 1 Balanced -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Complex Sentences pit Pitjantjatjara 3 Deranked -26.0 130.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences pso Pomo (Southeastern) 1 Balanced 39.0 -122.5 Pomoan Hokan Complex Sentences ram Rama 3 Deranked 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Complex Sentences rap Rapanui 1 Balanced -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences ret Retuarã 2 Balanced/deranked -0.5 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Complex Sentences rus Russian 2 Balanced/deranked 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Complex Sentences san Sango 1 Balanced 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Complex Sentences snm Sanuma 3 Deranked 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Complex Sentences sml Semelai 1 Balanced 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Complex Sentences shk Shipibo-Konibo 3 Deranked -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Complex Sentences sng Sinaugoro 1 Balanced -9.83333333333 147.833333333 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences sla Slave 1 Balanced 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Complex Sentences som Somali 1 Balanced 3.0 45.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Complex Sentences spa Spanish 2 Balanced/deranked 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Complex Sentences squ Squamish 3 Deranked 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Complex Sentences sup Supyire 2 Balanced/deranked 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Complex Sentences tab Taba 1 Balanced 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Complex Sentences tag Tagalog 2 Balanced/deranked 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Complex Sentences tml Tamil 3 Deranked 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Complex Sentences thk Thakali 3 Deranked 29.0 83.75 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Complex Sentences tin Tinrin 1 Balanced -21.6666666667 165.75 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences tiw Tiwi 1 Balanced -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Complex Sentences tpi Tok Pisin 1 Balanced -9.5 147.166666667 Creoles and Pidgins other Complex Sentences tru Trumai 2 Balanced/deranked -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Complex Sentences tuk Tukang Besi 2 Balanced/deranked -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Complex Sentences tur Turkish 3 Deranked 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Complex Sentences tvl Tuvaluan 2 Balanced/deranked -8.5 179.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Complex Sentences tzu Tzutujil 1 Balanced 14.6666666667 -91.3333333333 Mayan Mayan Complex Sentences tsh Tümpisa Shoshone 3 Deranked 37.0 -117.0 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Complex Sentences udh Udihe 3 Deranked 47.6666666667 136.25 Tungusic Altaic Complex Sentences ung Ungarinjin 1 Balanced -16.3333333333 126.0 Worrorran Worrorran Complex Sentences urk Urubú-Kaapor 1 Balanced -2.33333333333 -46.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Complex Sentences vai Vai 3 Deranked 6.91666666667 -11.25 Western Mande Mande Complex Sentences vie Vietnamese 1 Balanced 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Complex Sentences wam Wambaya 1 Balanced -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Complex Sentences wra Warao 3 Deranked 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Complex Sentences wrd Wardaman 3 Deranked -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Complex Sentences war Wari' 2 Balanced/deranked -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Complex Sentences way Wayampi 2 Balanced/deranked 1.0 -52.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Complex Sentences wma West Makian 1 Balanced 0.5 127.583333333 North Halmaheran North Halmaheran Complex Sentences yag Yagua 3 Deranked -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Complex Sentences yaq Yaqui 1 Balanced 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Complex Sentences yid Yidiny 3 Deranked -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Complex Sentences yim Yimas 2 Balanced/deranked -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Complex Sentences yor Yoruba 1 Balanced 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Complex Sentences yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 3 Deranked 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Complex Sentences ypk Yup'ik (Central) 3 Deranked 59.5 -160.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Complex Sentences zul Zulu 3 Deranked -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Complex Sentences