Balthasar Bickel, Johanna Nichols. 2013. Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/21, Accessed on 2026-06-15.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abi Abipón 5 No case -29.0 -61.0 Abipon Guaicuruan Morphology abk Abkhaz 5 No case 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Morphology aco Acoma 5 No case 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Morphology ala Alamblak 5 No case -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Morphology ame Amele 5 No case -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Morphology apu Apurinã 5 No case -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Morphology aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 5 No case 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology ana Araona 1 Monoexponential case -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Morphology arp Arapesh (Mountain) 5 No case -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Morphology amp Arrernte (Mparntwe) 1 Monoexponential case -24.0 136.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology asm Asmat 5 No case -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Morphology atk Atakapa 5 No case 30.0 -93.5 Atakapa Atakapa Morphology awp Awa Pit 1 Monoexponential case 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Morphology aym Aymara (Central) 1 Monoexponential case -17.0 -69.0 Aymaran Aymaran Morphology bag Bagirmi 5 No case 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Morphology bnj Bandjalang 1 Monoexponential case -28.75 153.0 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology brs Barasano 1 Monoexponential case -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Morphology bsq Basque 1 Monoexponential case 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Morphology bej Beja 1 Monoexponential case 18.0 36.0 Beja Afro-Asiatic Morphology bel Belhare 1 Monoexponential case 26.9666666667 87.3 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Morphology bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 1 Monoexponential case 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Morphology bbw Bininj Gun-Wok 5 No case -12.5 133.75 Marne Gunwinyguan Morphology brr Bororo 5 No case -16.0 -57.0 Bororoan Bororoan Morphology brh Brahui 1 Monoexponential case 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology brm Burmese 1 Monoexponential case 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Morphology bur Burushaski 1 Monoexponential case 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Morphology cah Cahuilla 1 Monoexponential case 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology cnl Canela 5 No case -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Morphology cyv Cayuvava 5 No case -13.5 -65.5 Cayuvava Cayuvava Morphology cha Chamorro 5 No case 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Morphology cku Chinook (Upper) 5 No case 45.62 -121.16 Chinookan Penutian Morphology cho Chontal (Highland) 5 No case 16.25 -95.75 Tequistlatecan Hokan Morphology chk Chukchi 2 Case + number 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Morphology ccp Cocopa 1 Monoexponential case 32.3333333333 -115.0 Yuman Hokan Morphology cre Cree (Plains) 3 Case + referentiality 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Morphology dag Daga 5 No case -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Morphology dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 5 No case -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Morphology dig Digaro 1 Monoexponential case 28.4166666667 96.0 Digaroan Sino-Tibetan Morphology eka Ekari 5 No case -3.83333333333 135.5 Paniai Lakes Trans-New Guinea Morphology eng English 5 No case 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Morphology epe Epena Pedee 1 Monoexponential case 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Morphology eve Evenki 3 Case + referentiality 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Morphology fij Fijian 5 No case -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology fin Finnish 2 Case + number 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Morphology fre French 5 No case 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology gar Garo 1 Monoexponential case 25.6666666667 90.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Morphology geo Georgian 1 Monoexponential case 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Morphology ger German 2 Case + number 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Morphology goo Gooniyandi 1 Monoexponential case -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Morphology grb Grebo 5 No case 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Morphology grk Greek (Modern) 2 Case + number 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Morphology grw Greenlandic (West) 2 Case + number 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Morphology gua Guaraní 5 No case -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Morphology hai Haida 5 No case 53.0 -132.0 Haida Haida Morphology hat Hatam 5 No case -1.0 134.0 Hatim-Mansim Hatim-Mansim Morphology hau Hausa 5 No case 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Morphology heb Hebrew (Modern) 5 No case 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology hin Hindi 1 Monoexponential case 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Morphology hix Hixkaryana 5 No case -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Morphology hmo Hmong Njua 5 No case 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Morphology hve Huave (San Mateo del Mar) 5 No case 16.2166666667 -95.0 Huavean Huavean Morphology hun Hungarian 1 Monoexponential case 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Morphology hzb Hunzib 1 Monoexponential case 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology iau Iau 5 No case -3.16666666667 137.5 Central Tariku Lakes Plain Morphology imo Imonda 1 Monoexponential case -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Morphology ind Indonesian 5 No case 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Morphology ing Ingush 1 Monoexponential case 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology jak Jakaltek 5 No case 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Morphology jpn Japanese 1 Monoexponential case 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Morphology jel Jeli 5 No case 9.5 -5.66666666667 Western Mande Mande Morphology knd Kannada 1 Monoexponential case 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology krk Karok 5 No case 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Morphology kay Kayardild 4 Case + TAM -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Morphology ket Ket 5 No case 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Morphology kew Kewa 1 Monoexponential case -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Morphology kha Khalkha 1 Monoexponential case 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Morphology khs Khasi 1 Monoexponential case 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Morphology kio Kiowa 5 No case 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Morphology kis Kisi 5 No case 8.83333333333 -10.1666666667 Southern Mel Niger-Congo Morphology kiw Kiwai (Southern) 5 No case -8.0 143.5 Kiwaian Trans-New Guinea Morphology koa Koasati 1 Monoexponential case 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology koi Koiari 5 No case -9.5 147.333333333 Koiarian Trans-New Guinea Morphology kor Korean 1 Monoexponential case 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Morphology kch Koyra Chiini 5 No case 17.0 -3.0 Songhay Songhay Morphology kro Krongo 5 No case 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Morphology knm Kunama 1 Monoexponential case 14.5 37.0 Kunama Kunama Morphology kut Kutenai 3 Case + referentiality 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Morphology lah Lahu 1 Monoexponential case 20.0 98.1666666667 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Morphology lai Lai 1 Monoexponential case 22.6666666667 93.6666666667 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Morphology lkt Lakhota 5 No case 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Morphology lan Lango 5 No case 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Morphology lav Lavukaleve 5 No case -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Morphology lez Lezgian 1 Monoexponential case 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology lug Lugbara 4 Case + TAM 3.08333333333 30.9166666667 Moru-Ma'di Central Sudanic Morphology luv Luvale 5 No case -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology maa Maasai 1 Monoexponential case -3.0 36.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Morphology mal Malagasy 1 Monoexponential case -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Morphology mnd Mandarin 1 Monoexponential case 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Morphology myi Mangarrayi 1 Monoexponential case -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Morphology mao Maori 1 Monoexponential case -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology map Mapudungun 5 No case -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Morphology mrg Margi 5 No case 11.0 13.0 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Morphology mar Maricopa 1 Monoexponential case 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Morphology mrt Martuthunira 1 Monoexponential case -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology mau Maung 5 No case -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Morphology may Maybrat 5 No case -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Morphology mei Meithei 1 Monoexponential case 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Morphology mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 1 Monoexponential case 37.5 -120.0 Miwok Penutian Morphology mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 5 No case 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Morphology mun Mundari 1 Monoexponential case 23.0 84.6666666667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Morphology nah Nahali 1 Monoexponential case 19.75 77.8333333333 Nahali Nahali Morphology kho Nama 1 Monoexponential case -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Morphology nmb Nambikuára (Southern) 5 No case -14.0 -59.5 Nambikuaran Nambikuaran Morphology nan Nandi 1 Monoexponential case 0.25 35.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Morphology ntu Nenets 2 Case + number 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Morphology ngi Ngiyambaa 1 Monoexponential case -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology niv Nivkh 5 No case 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Morphology nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 1 Monoexponential case 18.25 30.75 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Morphology ond Oneida 5 No case 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Morphology orh Oromo (Harar) 1 Monoexponential case 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology otm Otomí (Mezquital) 5 No case 20.1666666667 -99.1666666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Morphology pai Paiwan 3 Case + referentiality 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Morphology prs Persian 1 Monoexponential case 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Morphology prh Pirahã 5 No case -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Morphology pur Purépecha 1 Monoexponential case 19.5 -101.666666667 Tarascan Tarascan Morphology qim Quechua (Imbabura) 1 Monoexponential case 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Morphology ram Rama 1 Monoexponential case 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Morphology rap Rapanui 1 Monoexponential case -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology rus Russian 2 Case + number 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Morphology san Sango 5 No case 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Morphology snm Sanuma 1 Monoexponential case 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Morphology sla Slave 5 No case 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Morphology spa Spanish 1 Monoexponential case 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology squ Squamish 1 Monoexponential case 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Morphology sup Supyire 5 No case 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Morphology swa Swahili 5 No case -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology tag Tagalog 3 Case + referentiality 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology ter Tera 5 No case 11.0 11.8333333333 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Morphology tha Thai 5 No case 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Morphology tib Tibetan (Standard Spoken) 1 Monoexponential case 30.0 91.0 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Morphology tiw Tiwi 5 No case -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Morphology tli Tlingit 1 Monoexponential case 59.0 -135.0 Tlingit Na-Dene Morphology tot Totonac (Misantla) 5 No case 19.9166666667 -96.9166666667 Totonacan Totonacan Morphology tru Trumai 1 Monoexponential case -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Morphology tuk Tukang Besi 3 Case + referentiality -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Morphology tur Turkish 1 Monoexponential case 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Morphology vie Vietnamese 5 No case 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Morphology wra Warao 1 Monoexponential case 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Morphology wrd Wardaman 1 Monoexponential case -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Morphology wrm Warembori 5 No case -1.66666666667 137.583333333 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Morphology war Wari' 5 No case -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Morphology wem Wembawemba 1 Monoexponential case -35.3333333333 144.0 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology wic Wichita 1 Monoexponential case 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Morphology wch Wichí 5 No case -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Morphology yag Yagua 5 No case -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Morphology yaq Yaqui 2 Case + number 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Morphology yid Yidiny 1 Monoexponential case -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology yor Yoruba 1 Monoexponential case 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Morphology yuc Yuchi 5 No case 35.75 -86.75 Yuchi Yuchi Morphology yur Yurok 5 No case 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Morphology zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 1 Monoexponential case 17.0 -93.25 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Morphology zul Zulu 5 No case -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology