Nichols, Johanna & Bickel, Balthasar. 2011. Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, feature 25A. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/25A Accessed on 2012-02-08. wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 1 Head-marking 43.083 41.000 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Morphology ace Acehnese 1 Head-marking 5.500 95.500 Malayic Austronesian Morphology aco Acoma 1 Head-marking 34.917 -107.583 Keresan Keresan Morphology ane Anêm 1 Head-marking -5.583 149.083 Anêm Anêm Morphology apu Apurinã 1 Head-marking -9.000 -67.000 Arawakan Arawakan Morphology cjo Chichimeca-Jonaz 1 Head-marking 21.667 -100.500 Chichimec Oto-Manguean Morphology cho Chontal (Highland) 1 Head-marking 16.250 -95.750 Tequistlatecan Tequistlatecan Morphology cre Cree (Plains) 1 Head-marking 54.000 -110.000 Algonquian Algic Morphology dag Daga 1 Head-marking -10.000 149.333 Dagan Dagan Morphology fij Fijian 1 Head-marking -17.833 178.000 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology gua Guaraní 1 Head-marking -26.000 -56.000 Tupi-Guaraní Tupian Morphology coo Coos (Hanis) 1 Head-marking 43.500 -124.167 Coosan Oregon Coast Morphology hix Hixkaryana 1 Head-marking -1.000 -59.000 Cariban Cariban Morphology hve Huave (San Mateo del Mar) 1 Head-marking 16.217 -95.000 Huavean Huavean Morphology cin Chumash (Ineseño) 1 Head-marking 34.667 -120.250 Chumash Chumash Morphology jak Jakaltek 1 Head-marking 15.667 -91.667 Mayan Mayan Morphology krk Karok 1 Head-marking 41.667 -123.000 Karok Karok Morphology ket Ket 1 Head-marking 64.000 87.000 Yeniseian Yeniseian Morphology kiu Kui (in Indonesia) 1 Head-marking -8.433 124.550 Greater Alor Timor-Alor-Pantar Morphology lkt Lakhota 1 Head-marking 43.833 -101.833 Siouan Siouan Morphology lan Lango 1 Head-marking 2.167 33.000 Nilotic Nilo-Saharan Morphology lav Lavukaleve 1 Head-marking -9.083 159.200 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Morphology mrh Marrithiyel 1 Head-marking -13.833 130.000 Western Daly Australian Morphology nmb Nambikuára 1 Head-marking -13.000 -59.000 Nambikuaran Nambikuaran Morphology nat Natchez 1 Head-marking 31.750 -91.333 Natchez Natchez Morphology nsg Nisgha 1 Head-marking 55.000 -130.000 Tsimshianic Penutian Morphology niv Nivkh 1 Head-marking 53.333 142.000 Nivkh Nivkh Morphology ond Oneida 1 Head-marking 43.000 -75.667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Morphology otm Otomí (Mezquital) 1 Head-marking 20.167 -99.167 Otomian Oto-Manguean Morphology pip Pipil 1 Head-marking 13.833 -89.583 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology sah Sahu 1 Head-marking 1.167 127.500 North Halmaheran West Papuan Morphology sla Slave 1 Head-marking 67.000 -125.000 Athapaskan Na-Dene Morphology tkl Takelma 1 Head-marking 42.500 -123.000 Takelma Takelma Morphology tgp Tanglapui 1 Head-marking -8.283 125.083 Kolana-Tanglapui Timor-Alor-Pantar Morphology tlf Telefol 1 Head-marking -5.000 141.750 Ok Trans-New Guinea Morphology tli Tlingit 1 Head-marking 59.000 -135.000 Tlingit Na-Dene Morphology tun Tunica 1 Head-marking 32.667 -91.000 Tunica Tunica Morphology usa Usan 1 Head-marking -4.833 145.167 Madang Trans-New Guinea Morphology war Wari' 1 Head-marking -11.333 -65.000 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Morphology wrn Warndarang 1 Head-marking -14.417 135.583 Maran Australian Morphology was Washo 1 Head-marking 39.250 -120.000 Washo Washo Morphology wic Wichita 1 Head-marking 33.333 -97.333 Caddoan Caddoan Morphology cku Chinook (Upper) 1 Head-marking 45.500 -122.500 Chinookan Penutian Morphology yli Yali 1 Head-marking -4.000 139.333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Morphology yes Yessan-Mayo 1 Head-marking -4.167 142.583 Tama Sepik Sepik Morphology yuc Yuchi 1 Head-marking 35.750 -86.750 Yuchi Yuchi Morphology yur Yurok 1 Head-marking 41.333 -124.000 Yurok Algic Morphology amb Ambulas 2 Dependent-marking -3.833 143.000 Middle Sepik Sepik Morphology awt Awtuw 2 Dependent-marking -3.583 142.000 Ram Sepik Morphology bej Beja 2 Dependent-marking 18.000 36.000 Beja Afro-Asiatic Morphology brh Brahui 2 Dependent-marking 28.500 67.000 Northern Dravidian Dravidian Morphology brm Burmese 2 Dependent-marking 21.000 96.000 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Morphology diy Diyari 2 Dependent-marking -28.000 139.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology djp Djapu 2 Dependent-marking -12.667 136.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 2 Dependent-marking 18.250 30.750 Nubian Nilo-Saharan Morphology dyi Dyirbal 2 Dependent-marking -17.833 145.583 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology eng English 2 Dependent-marking 52.000 0.000 Germanic Indo-European Morphology fur Fur 2 Dependent-marking 13.500 25.000 Fur Nilo-Saharan Morphology grr Garrwa 2 Dependent-marking -17.083 137.167 Garrwan Australian Morphology ger German 2 Dependent-marking 52.000 10.000 Germanic Indo-European Morphology grb Grebo 2 Dependent-marking 5.000 -8.000 Kru Niger-Congo Morphology ice Icelandic 2 Dependent-marking 65.000 -17.000 Germanic Indo-European Morphology ik Ik 2 Dependent-marking 3.750 34.167 Kuliak Nilo-Saharan Morphology qim Quechua (Imbabura) 2 Dependent-marking 0.333 -78.000 Quechuan Quechuan Morphology jpn Japanese 2 Dependent-marking 37.000 140.000 Japanese Japanese Morphology knd Kannada 2 Dependent-marking 14.000 76.000 Southern Dravidian Dravidian Morphology kay Kayardild 2 Dependent-marking -17.050 139.500 Tangkic Australian Morphology kew Kewa 2 Dependent-marking -6.500 143.833 Engan Trans-New Guinea Morphology kor Korean 2 Dependent-marking 37.500 128.000 Korean Korean Morphology knm Kunama 2 Dependent-marking 14.500 37.000 Kunama Nilo-Saharan Morphology lez Lezgian 2 Dependent-marking 41.667 47.833 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology mai Maithili 2 Dependent-marking 26.000 86.000 Indic Indo-European Morphology mnd Mandarin 2 Dependent-marking 34.000 110.000 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Morphology mao Maori 2 Dependent-marking -40.000 176.000 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology mrt Martuthunira 2 Dependent-marking -20.833 116.500 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology mei Meithei 2 Dependent-marking 24.750 94.000 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Morphology kha Khalkha 2 Dependent-marking 47.000 105.000 Mongolic Altaic Morphology amp Arrernte (Mparntwe) 2 Dependent-marking -24.000 136.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology nah Nahali 2 Dependent-marking 19.750 77.833 Nahali Nahali Morphology kho Khoekhoe 2 Dependent-marking -25.500 18.000 Central Khoisan Khoisan Morphology nep Nepali 2 Dependent-marking 28.000 85.000 Indic Indo-European Morphology ngi Ngiyambaa 2 Dependent-marking -31.750 145.500 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology rus Russian 2 Dependent-marking 56.000 38.000 Slavic Indo-European Morphology shk Shipibo-Konibo 2 Dependent-marking -7.500 -75.000 Panoan Panoan Morphology kch Koyra Chiini 2 Dependent-marking 17.000 -3.000 Songhay Nilo-Saharan Morphology pso Pomo (Southeastern) 2 Dependent-marking 39.000 -122.500 Pomoan Hokan Morphology bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 2 Dependent-marking 33.000 -5.000 Berber Afro-Asiatic Morphology pur Purépecha 2 Dependent-marking 19.500 -101.667 Tarascan Tarascan Morphology tib Tibetan (Standard Spoken) 2 Dependent-marking 30.000 91.000 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Morphology tru Trumai 2 Dependent-marking -11.917 -53.583 Trumai Trumai Morphology tsh Tümpisa Shoshone 2 Dependent-marking 37.000 -117.000 Numic Uto-Aztecan Morphology uhi Uradhi 2 Dependent-marking -11.917 142.417 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology ntj Ngaanyatjarra 2 Dependent-marking -26.000 126.500 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology aym Aymara 3 Double-marking -17.000 -69.000 Aymaran Aymaran Morphology bel Belhare 3 Double-marking 26.967 87.300 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Morphology bur Burushaski 3 Double-marking 36.500 74.500 Burushaski Burushaski Morphology dji Djingili 3 Double-marking -17.750 134.000 West Barkly Australian Morphology grk Greek (Modern) 3 Double-marking 39.000 22.000 Greek Indo-European Morphology grw Greenlandic (West) 3 Double-marking 64.000 -51.000 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Morphology hua Hua 3 Double-marking -6.333 145.333 Eastern Highlands Trans-New Guinea Morphology imo Imonda 3 Double-marking -3.333 141.167 Border Border Morphology myi Mangarrayi 3 Double-marking -14.667 133.500 Mangarrayi Australian Morphology pai Paiwan 3 Double-marking 22.500 120.833 Paiwanic Austronesian Morphology jiv Jivaro 3 Double-marking -2.500 -78.000 Jivaroan Jivaroan Morphology mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 3 Double-marking 37.500 -120.000 Miwok Penutian Morphology wem Wembawemba 3 Double-marking -35.333 144.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology yaq Yaqui 3 Double-marking 27.500 -110.250 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Morphology ypk Yup'ik (Central) 3 Double-marking 59.500 -160.000 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Morphology zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 3 Double-marking 17.000 -93.250 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Morphology juh Ju|'hoan 4 Zero-marking -19.000 21.000 Northern Khoisan Khoisan Morphology ijo Ijo (Kolokuma) 4 Zero-marking 4.917 5.667 Ijoid Niger-Congo Morphology ind Indonesian 4 Zero-marking 0.000 106.000 Malayic Austronesian Morphology lmh Lamaholot 4 Zero-marking -8.250 122.917 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Morphology prh Pirahã 4 Zero-marking -7.000 -62.000 Mura Mura Morphology vie Vietnamese 4 Zero-marking 10.500 106.500 Viet-Muong Austro-Asiatic Morphology ain Ainu 5 Inconsistent or other 43.000 143.000 Ainu Ainu Morphology ala Alamblak 5 Inconsistent or other -4.667 143.333 Sepik Hill Sepik Morphology ame Amele 5 Inconsistent or other -5.250 145.583 Madang Trans-New Guinea Morphology asm Asmat 5 Inconsistent or other -5.500 138.500 Asmat-Kamoro Trans-New Guinea Morphology atk Atakapa 5 Inconsistent or other 30.000 -93.500 Atakapa Atakapa Morphology awp Awa Pit 5 Inconsistent or other 1.500 -78.250 Barbacoan Barbacoan Morphology bag Bagirmi 5 Inconsistent or other 11.667 16.000 Bongo-Bagirmi Nilo-Saharan Morphology brs Barasano 5 Inconsistent or other -0.167 -70.667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Morphology bsq Basque 5 Inconsistent or other 43.000 -3.000 Basque Basque Morphology bzi Bauzi 5 Inconsistent or other -2.500 137.500 East Geelvink Bay East Geelvink Bay Morphology bri Bribri 5 Inconsistent or other 9.417 -83.000 Talamanca Chibchan Morphology arp Arapesh (Mountain) 5 Inconsistent or other -3.467 143.167 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Morphology buu Buru 5 Inconsistent or other -3.500 126.500 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Morphology ckr Canela-Krahô 5 Inconsistent or other -6.000 -46.000 Ge-Kaingang Macro-Ge Morphology nca Nicobarese (Car) 5 Inconsistent or other 9.000 93.000 Nicobarese Austro-Asiatic Morphology cyv Cayuvava 5 Inconsistent or other -13.500 -65.500 Cayuvava Cayuvava Morphology cha Chamorro 5 Inconsistent or other 13.450 144.750 Chamorro Austronesian Morphology chy Chayahuita 5 Inconsistent or other -5.500 -77.000 Cahuapanan Cahuapanan Morphology ctm Chitimacha 5 Inconsistent or other 29.667 -91.000 Chitimacha Chitimacha Morphology chk Chukchi 5 Inconsistent or other 67.000 -173.000 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Morphology dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 5 Inconsistent or other -4.333 138.833 Dani Trans-New Guinea Morphology diz Dizi 5 Inconsistent or other 6.167 36.500 North Omotic Afro-Asiatic Morphology brr Bororo 5 Inconsistent or other -16.000 -57.000 Bororo Macro-Ge Morphology aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 5 Inconsistent or other 30.000 31.000 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology eka Ekari 5 Inconsistent or other -3.833 135.500 Wissel Lakes-Kemandoga Trans-New Guinea Morphology epe Epena Pedee 5 Inconsistent or other 3.000 -77.000 Choco Choco Morphology eve Evenki 5 Inconsistent or other 56.000 125.000 Tungusic Altaic Morphology ewe Ewe 5 Inconsistent or other 6.333 0.417 Kwa Niger-Congo Morphology fin Finnish 5 Inconsistent or other 62.000 25.000 Finnic Uralic Morphology fre French 5 Inconsistent or other 48.000 2.000 Romance Indo-European Morphology geo Georgian 5 Inconsistent or other 42.000 44.000 Kartvelian Kartvelian Morphology gmz Gumuz 5 Inconsistent or other 12.500 35.833 Gumuz Nilo-Saharan Morphology gku Gününa Küne 5 Inconsistent or other -41.000 -67.000 Puelche Chon Morphology bbw Bininj Gun-Wok 5 Inconsistent or other -12.500 133.750 Gunwinygic Australian Morphology hai Haida 5 Inconsistent or other 53.000 -132.000 Haida Haida Morphology hat Hatam 5 Inconsistent or other -1.000 134.000 Hatam West Papuan Morphology hau Hausa 5 Inconsistent or other 12.000 7.000 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Morphology heb Hebrew (Modern) 5 Inconsistent or other 31.500 34.833 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology hin Hindi 5 Inconsistent or other 25.000 77.000 Indic Indo-European Morphology hmo Hmong Njua 5 Inconsistent or other 28.000 105.000 Hmong-Mien Hmong-Mien Morphology hun Hungarian 5 Inconsistent or other 47.000 20.000 Ugric Uralic Morphology iau Iau 5 Inconsistent or other -3.167 137.500 Lakes Plain Lakes Plain Morphology ika Ika 5 Inconsistent or other 10.667 -73.750 Aruak Chibchan Morphology ing Ingush 5 Inconsistent or other 43.167 45.083 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology jel Jeli 5 Inconsistent or other 9.500 -5.667 Western Mande Niger-Congo Morphology knr Kanuri 5 Inconsistent or other 12.000 13.000 Western Saharan Nilo-Saharan Morphology kim Kimaghama 5 Inconsistent or other -8.000 138.500 Kolopom Kolopom Morphology kio Kiowa 5 Inconsistent or other 37.000 -99.000 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Morphology kri Kipea 5 Inconsistent or other -10.000 -37.000 Kariri Kariri Morphology kkr Kirikiri 5 Inconsistent or other -3.000 137.167 Lakes Plain Lakes Plain Morphology kis Kisi 5 Inconsistent or other 8.833 -10.167 Southern Atlantic Niger-Congo Morphology koa Koasati 5 Inconsistent or other 34.833 -85.167 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology kob Kobon 5 Inconsistent or other -5.167 144.333 Madang Trans-New Guinea Morphology kmb Kombai 5 Inconsistent or other -5.583 140.000 Awju-Dumut Trans-New Guinea Morphology kro Krongo 5 Inconsistent or other 10.500 30.000 Kadugli Kadugli Morphology goo Gooniyandi 5 Inconsistent or other -18.333 126.333 Bunuban Australian Morphology kut Kutenai 5 Inconsistent or other 49.500 -116.000 Kutenai Kutenai Morphology lai Lai 5 Inconsistent or other 22.667 93.667 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Morphology lug Lugbara 5 Inconsistent or other 3.083 30.917 Moru-Ma'di Nilo-Saharan Morphology luv Luvale 5 Inconsistent or other -12.000 22.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Morphology mal Malagasy 5 Inconsistent or other -20.000 47.000 Barito Austronesian Morphology mlk Malakmalak 5 Inconsistent or other -13.417 130.417 Northern Daly Australian Morphology map Mapudungun 5 Inconsistent or other -38.000 -72.000 Araucanian Araucanian Morphology mar Maricopa 5 Inconsistent or other 33.167 -113.167 Yuman Hokan Morphology wch Wichí 5 Inconsistent or other -22.500 -62.583 Matacoan Matacoan Morphology mau Maung 5 Inconsistent or other -11.917 133.500 Iwaidjan Australian Morphology may Maybrat 5 Inconsistent or other -1.333 132.500 North-Central Bird's Head West Papuan Morphology mis Miskito 5 Inconsistent or other 14.000 -83.667 Misumalpan Misumalpan Morphology mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 5 Inconsistent or other 17.050 -97.583 Mixtecan Oto-Manguean Morphology mot Motuna 5 Inconsistent or other -6.617 155.417 East Bougainville East Bougainville Morphology mun Mundari 5 Inconsistent or other 23.000 84.667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Morphology mpa Murrinh-Patha 5 Inconsistent or other -14.667 129.667 Murrinh-Patha Australian Morphology nkk Nakkara 5 Inconsistent or other -12.117 134.417 Nakkara Australian Morphology nen Nenets 5 Inconsistent or other 69.000 72.000 Samoyedic Uralic Morphology nar Nara (in Ethiopia) 5 Inconsistent or other 15.083 37.583 Nara Nilo-Saharan Morphology knp Kanum (Ngkâlmpw) 5 Inconsistent or other -8.667 140.917 Morehead and Upper Maro Rivers Morehead and Upper Maro Rivers Morphology nuu Nuuchahnulth 5 Inconsistent or other 49.667 -126.667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Morphology nug Nunggubuyu 5 Inconsistent or other -13.750 135.667 Nunggubuyu Australian Morphology nyn Nyigina 5 Inconsistent or other -18.000 124.333 Nyulnyulan Australian Morphology ori Orig 5 Inconsistent or other 12.167 30.833 Rashad Niger-Congo Morphology orh Oromo (Harar) 5 Inconsistent or other 9.000 42.000 Eastern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology pau Paumarí 5 Inconsistent or other -6.000 -64.000 Arauan Arauan Morphology prs Persian 5 Inconsistent or other 32.000 54.000 Iranian Indo-European Morphology qui Quileute 5 Inconsistent or other 47.917 -124.250 Chimakuan Chimakuan Morphology ram Rama 5 Inconsistent or other 11.750 -83.750 Rama Chibchan Morphology rap Rapanui 5 Inconsistent or other -27.117 -109.367 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology syu Salt-Yui 5 Inconsistent or other -6.283 145.033 Chimbu Trans-New Guinea Morphology sdw Sandawe 5 Inconsistent or other -5.000 35.000 Sandawe Khoisan Morphology san Sango 5 Inconsistent or other 5.000 18.000 Ubangi Niger-Congo Morphology snm Sanuma 5 Inconsistent or other 4.500 -64.667 Yanomam Yanomam Morphology sml Semelai 5 Inconsistent or other 3.000 103.000 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Morphology siu Siuslaw 5 Inconsistent or other 44.000 -124.000 Siuslawan Oregon Coast Morphology spa Spanish 5 Inconsistent or other 40.000 -4.000 Romance Indo-European Morphology squ Squamish 5 Inconsistent or other 49.667 -123.167 Central Salish Salishan Morphology sue Suena 5 Inconsistent or other -7.750 147.550 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Morphology sup Supyire 5 Inconsistent or other 11.500 -5.583 Gur Niger-Congo Morphology swa Swahili 5 Inconsistent or other -6.500 39.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Morphology tag Tagalog 5 Inconsistent or other 15.000 121.000 Meso-Philippine Austronesian Morphology tau Tauya 5 Inconsistent or other -5.750 145.333 Madang Trans-New Guinea Morphology tha Thai 5 Inconsistent or other 16.000 101.000 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Morphology tmc Timucua 5 Inconsistent or other 30.250 -82.500 Timucua Timucua Morphology tiw Tiwi 5 Inconsistent or other -11.500 131.000 Tiwian Australian Morphology ton Tonkawa 5 Inconsistent or other 30.250 -96.750 Tonkawa Tonkawa Morphology tuk Tukang Besi 5 Inconsistent or other -5.500 123.500 Sulawesi Austronesian Morphology tur Turkish 5 Inconsistent or other 39.000 35.000 Turkic Altaic Morphology ung Ungarinjin 5 Inconsistent or other -16.333 126.000 Wororan Australian Morphology dum Dumo 5 Inconsistent or other -2.683 141.300 Western Skou Skou Morphology wao Waorani 5 Inconsistent or other -1.000 -76.500 Waorani Waorani Morphology wra Warao 5 Inconsistent or other 9.333 -61.667 Warao Warao Morphology wry Waray (in Australia) 5 Inconsistent or other -13.167 131.250 Waray Australian Morphology wrl Warlpiri 5 Inconsistent or other -20.000 132.333 Pama-Nyungan Australian Morphology wsk Waskia 5 Inconsistent or other -4.500 146.000 Madang Trans-New Guinea Morphology win Wintu 5 Inconsistent or other 41.000 -122.500 Wintuan Penutian Morphology xok Xokleng 5 Inconsistent or other -24.500 -50.000 Ge-Kaingang Macro-Ge Morphology yag Yagua 5 Inconsistent or other -3.500 -72.000 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Morphology yim Yimas 5 Inconsistent or other -4.667 143.550 Lower Sepik Lower Sepik-Ramu Morphology yor Yoruba 5 Inconsistent or other 8.000 4.333 Defoid Niger-Congo Morphology yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 5 Inconsistent or other 65.750 150.833 Yukaghir Yukaghir Morphology zul Zulu 5 Inconsistent or other -30.000 30.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Morphology zun Zuni 5 Inconsistent or other 35.083 -108.833 Zuni Zuni Morphology ccp Cocopa 5 Inconsistent or other 32.333 -115.000 Yuman Hokan Morphology