Carl Rubino. 2013. Reduplication. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/27, Accessed on 2026-06-13.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Morphology agl Aghul 3 No productive reduplication 41.75 47.6666666667 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology agc Agta (Central) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 17.9666666667 121.833333333 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology ain Ainu 2 Full reduplication only 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Morphology akn Akan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.5 -1.25 Tano Niger-Congo Morphology abm Alabama 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 32.3333333333 -87.4166666667 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology ala Alamblak 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Morphology alw Alawa 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -15.1666666667 134.25 Mara Mangarrayi-Maran Morphology aly Alyawarra 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -22.5 135.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology ame Amele 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Morphology amh Amharic 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 10.0 38.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology adk Andoke 3 No productive reduplication -0.666666666667 -72.0 Andoke Andoke Morphology apl Apalaí 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 0.0 -54.0 Cariban Cariban Morphology api Apinayé 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.5 -48.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Morphology apu Apurinã 3 No productive reduplication -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Morphology aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology asy Arabic (Syrian) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 34.0 38.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology arp Arapesh (Mountain) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Morphology arm Armenian (Eastern) 2 Full reduplication only 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Morphology arw Armenian (Western) 2 Full reduplication only 38.5 43.5 Armenian Indo-European Morphology amp Arrernte (Mparntwe) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -24.0 136.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology asm Asmat 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Morphology ass Assamese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 26.0 93.0 Indic Indo-European Morphology awp Awa Pit 3 No productive reduplication 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Morphology aym Aymara (Central) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -17.0 -69.0 Aymaran Aymaran Morphology bag Bagirmi 2 Full reduplication only 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Morphology baj Bajau (Sama) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -4.33333333333 123.0 Sama-Bajaw Austronesian Morphology bal Balinese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -8.33333333333 115.25 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Morphology bnj Bandjalang 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -28.75 153.0 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology bnw Baniwa 3 No productive reduplication 2.66666666667 -66.8333333333 Japura-Colombia Arawakan Morphology brs Barasano 3 No productive reduplication -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Morphology bsq Basque 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Morphology bej Beja 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 18.0 36.0 Beja Afro-Asiatic Morphology bco Bella Coola 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 52.5 -126.666666667 Bella Coola Salishan Morphology bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Morphology bkl Bikol 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 13.3333333333 123.5 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology blx Biloxi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 30.5 -88.6666666667 Ohio Valley Siouan Siouan Morphology bis Bisa 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 11.5 -0.5 Eastern Mande Mande Morphology bsm Bislama 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -16.0 168.0 Creoles and Pidgins other Morphology blq Bole 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 11.3333333333 11.25 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Morphology buw Bulu 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 3.0 11.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology bua Burarra 2 Full reduplication only -12.25 134.583333333 Burarran Mangrida Morphology brm Burmese 2 Full reduplication only 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Morphology cah Cahuilla 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology cax Campa (Axininca) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -12.0 -74.0 Pre-Andine Arawakan Arawakan Morphology cnl Canela 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Morphology car Carib 3 No productive reduplication 5.5 -56.0 Cariban Cariban Morphology ctl Catalan 3 No productive reduplication 41.75 2.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology cyv Cayuvava 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -13.5 -65.5 Cayuvava Cayuvava Morphology chh Chaha 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 8.112935 37.93267 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology cha Chamorro 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Morphology cvc Chavacano 2 Full reduplication only 7.0 122.083333333 Creoles and Pidgins other Morphology chl Chehalis (Upper) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 46.5833333333 -123.0 Tsamosan Salishan Morphology cmk Chemakum 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 48.0833333333 -122.916666667 Chimakuan Chimakuan Morphology cck Chickasaw 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 34.0 -88.0 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology cle Chinantec (Lealao) 2 Full reduplication only 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Morphology cct Choctaw 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 32.25 -88.5 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology col Chol 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 17.75 -92.5 Mayan Mayan Morphology chr Chrau 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 10.75 107.5 Bahnaric Austro-Asiatic Morphology chk Chukchi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Morphology cba Chumash (Barbareño) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 34.5 -120.25 Chumash Chumash Morphology cin Chumash (Ineseño) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 34.6666666667 -120.25 Chumash Chumash Morphology cuu Chuukese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 7.33333333333 151.75 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology cla Clallam 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 48.0833333333 -123.75 Central Salish Salishan Morphology ccp Cocopa 2 Full reduplication only 32.3333333333 -115.0 Yuman Hokan Morphology coe Coeur d'Alene 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 47.25 -116.5 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology cwe Columbia-Wenatchi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 47.5 -120.0 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology cmn Comanche 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology cmx Comox 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 50.1666666667 -125.0 Central Salish Salishan Morphology coo Coos (Hanis) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 43.5 -124.166666667 Coosan Oregon Coast Morphology cre Cree (Plains) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Morphology dag Daga 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Morphology dga Dagaare 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 10.5 -2.66666666667 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Morphology dah Dahalo 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -2.33333333333 40.5 Dahalo Afro-Asiatic Morphology dri Dari 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 35.0 66.0 Iranian Indo-European Morphology dhm Dhimal 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 26.6666666667 87.75 Dhimalic Sino-Tibetan Morphology diy Diyari 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -28.0 139.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology djp Djapu 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -12.6666666667 136.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology djr Djaru 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -18.75 128.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology dji Djingili 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -17.75 134.0 Djingili Mirndi Morphology dre Drehu 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology dyi Dyirbal 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -17.8333333333 145.583333333 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology eng English 3 No productive reduplication 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Morphology epe Epena Pedee 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Morphology err Erromangan 2 Full reduplication only -18.8333333333 169.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology eve Evenki 3 No productive reduplication 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Morphology ewe Ewe 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Morphology fij Fijian 2 Full reduplication only -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology fin Finnish 3 No productive reduplication 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Morphology fox Fox 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 43.0 -83.0 Algonquian Algic Morphology fre French 3 No productive reduplication 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology fua Fulfulde (Adamawa) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 9.16666666667 13.5 Peul-Serer Niger-Congo Morphology gae Gaelic (Scots) 3 No productive reduplication 57.0 -4.0 Celtic Indo-European Morphology gar Garo 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 25.6666666667 90.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Morphology geo Georgian 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Morphology ger German 3 No productive reduplication 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Morphology goo Gooniyandi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Morphology grk Greek (Modern) 3 No productive reduplication 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Morphology grw Greenlandic (West) 3 No productive reduplication 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Morphology gmt Gumatj 2 Full reduplication only -12.5 135.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology gum Gumbaynggir 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -30.1666666667 152.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology hlu Halkomelem (Upriver) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 49.25 -121.916666667 Central Salish Salishan Morphology ham Hamtai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -7.5 146.25 Nuclear Angan Trans-New Guinea Morphology hrr Harari 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 9.25 42.1666666667 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology hau Hausa 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Morphology haw Hawaiian 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 19.5833333333 -155.5 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology heb Hebrew (Modern) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology hil Hiligaynon 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 10.25 123.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology hin Hindi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Morphology hix Hixkaryana 3 No productive reduplication -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Morphology hmo Hmong Njua 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Morphology hop Hopi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 36.0 -110.0 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology hlp Hualapai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 35.5 -113.75 Yuman Hokan Morphology htc Huastec 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 22.0833333333 -99.3333333333 Mayan Mayan Morphology hve Huave (San Mateo del Mar) 2 Full reduplication only 16.2166666667 -95.0 Huavean Huavean Morphology hui Huichol 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 22.0 -104.0 Corachol Uto-Aztecan Morphology hun Hungarian 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Morphology hzb Hunzib 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology iaa Iaai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -20.4166666667 166.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology igb Igbo 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Morphology ika Ika 3 No productive reduplication 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Morphology ilo Ilocano 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 16.0 121.0 Northern Luzon Austronesian Morphology ind Indonesian 2 Full reduplication only 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Morphology iri Irish 3 No productive reduplication 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Morphology ita Italian 3 No productive reduplication 43.0 12.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology itz Itzaj 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 17.0 -89.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Morphology jak Jakaltek 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Morphology jpn Japanese 2 Full reduplication only 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Morphology jaq Jaqaru 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -13.0 -76.0 Aymaran Aymaran Morphology kls Kalispel 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 48.0 -117.0 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology kma Kamaiurá 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -12.0833333333 -52.5833333333 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Morphology knd Kannada 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology knr Kanuri 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Morphology kpm Kapampangan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 15.3333333333 120.5 Central Luzon Austronesian Morphology krk Karok 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Morphology kaa Karó (Arára) 2 Full reduplication only -10.3333333333 -62.0 Ramarama Tupian Morphology kay Kayardild 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Morphology kha Khalkha 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Morphology khs Khasi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Morphology khm Khmer 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Morphology kik Kikuyu 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -0.75 36.75 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology klv Kilivila 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology kio Kiowa 3 No productive reduplication 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Morphology krb Kiribati 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 1.33333333333 173.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology klm Klamath 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 42.5 -121.5 Klamath-Modoc Penutian Morphology shp Klikitat 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 46.5 -120.0 Sahaptian Penutian Morphology koa Koasati 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology koo Kola 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.5 134.5 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Morphology kol Kolami 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 20.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology kor Korean 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Morphology kfe Koromfe 3 No productive reduplication 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Morphology krw Korowai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.25 140.0 Becking-Dawi Trans-New Guinea Morphology koy Koya 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 17.5 81.3333333333 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology kro Krongo 3 No productive reduplication 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Morphology kya Kuku-Yalanji 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -16.0 145.0 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology kjn Kunjen 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -16.5 142.5 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology kuo Kuot 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -3.05 151.5 Kuot Kuot Morphology kut Kutenai 3 No productive reduplication 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Morphology kwk Kwakw'ala 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 51.0 -127.0 Northern Wakashan Wakashan Morphology lac Lacandón 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 17.0 -91.5 Mayan Mayan Morphology lkt Lakhota 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Morphology lmp Lampung 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.0 105.0 Lampungic Austronesian Morphology lan Lango 3 No productive reduplication 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Morphology lrd Lardil 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -16.5 139.333333333 Tangkic Tangkic Morphology lav Lavukaleve 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Morphology lez Lezgian 3 No productive reduplication 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology lil Lillooet 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 50.75 -122.0 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology lui Luiseño 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 33.3333333333 -117.166666667 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology luo Luo 2 Full reduplication only -0.5 34.75 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Morphology lus Lushootseed 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 48.0 -122.0 Central Salish Salishan Morphology kkv Lusi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.58333333333 149.666666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology luv Luvale 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology mdr Madurese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -7.0 113.5 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Morphology mne Maidu (Northeast) 3 No productive reduplication 40.0 -120.666666667 Maiduan Penutian Morphology maj Majang 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.75 35.0 Majang Eastern Sudanic Morphology mks Makassar 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.41666666667 119.583333333 South Sulawesi Austronesian Morphology mal Malagasy 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Morphology mlk Malakmalak 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -13.4166666667 130.416666667 Northern Daly Northern Daly Morphology mym Malayalam 2 Full reduplication only 10.0 76.5 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology mam Mam 3 No productive reduplication 15.0 -91.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Morphology mnm Manam 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -4.0 145.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology mnd Mandarin 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Morphology mmb Mangap-Mbula 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.66666666667 148.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology myi Mangarrayi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Morphology maw Maninka (Western) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 13.0 -11.0 Western Mande Mande Morphology mao Maori 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology mra Mara 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -15.0 135.166666667 Mara Mangarrayi-Maran Morphology mku Maranungku 2 Full reduplication only -13.6666666667 130.0 Wagaydy Western Daly Morphology mny Margany 2 Full reduplication only -27.0 144.5 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology mme Mari (Meadow) 3 No productive reduplication 57.0 48.0 Mari Uralic Morphology mar Maricopa 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Morphology mrq Marquesan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -8.91666666667 -140.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology msh Marshallese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 7.11666666667 171.05 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology mrt Martuthunira 2 Full reduplication only -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology mau Maung 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Morphology may Maybrat 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Morphology mei Meithei 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Morphology men Menomini 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 45.5 -88.3333333333 Algonquian Algic Morphology mki Mikasuki 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 32.0 -85.0 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology min Minangkabau 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -1.0 101.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Morphology mcs Miwok (Central Sierra) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 38.0 -120.333333333 Miwok Penutian Morphology mxl Mixtec (Alacatlatzala) 2 Full reduplication only 17.25 -98.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Morphology mja Mixtec (Jamiltepec) 3 No productive reduplication 16.25 -97.8333333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Morphology miy Miya 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 10.9166666667 9.66666666667 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Morphology moj Mojave 3 No productive reduplication 34.6666666667 -114.583333333 Yuman Hokan Morphology mok Mokilese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.66666666667 159.75 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology moo Mooré 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 12.8333333333 -1.25 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Morphology mos Mosetén 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -14.75 -67.8333333333 Mosetenan Mosetenan Morphology muh Muher 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 8.16666666667 38.1666666667 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology mpa Murrinh-Patha 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -14.6666666667 129.666666667 Murrinh-Patha Southern Daly Morphology mwe Mwera 2 Full reduplication only -9.0 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology nhc Nahuatl (Central) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 19.0 -98.25 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology nak Nakanai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.58333333333 150.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology kho Nama 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Morphology nnc Nancowry 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 8.05 93.5 Nicobarese Austro-Asiatic Morphology nde Nande 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -0.0833333333333 29.1666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology nau Nauruan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -0.5 166.916666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology nav Navajo 3 No productive reduplication 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Morphology ndb Ndebele 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -25.3333333333 29.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology ndy Ndyuka 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Morphology ntu Nenets 3 No productive reduplication 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Morphology nez Nez Perce 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Morphology ngl Ngalakan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -14.25 134.0 Eastern Gunwinyguan Gunwinyguan Morphology nga Nganasan 3 No productive reduplication 71.0 93.0 Samoyedic Uralic Morphology ngk Ngankikurungkurr 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -14.0 130.5 Ngankikurungkurr Southern Daly Morphology ngw Ngawun 2 Full reduplication only -19.0 141.5 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology ngi Ngiyambaa 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology nia Nias 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 1.0 97.75 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Morphology nsn Nisenan 3 No productive reduplication 39.0 -121.0 Maiduan Penutian Morphology niv Nivkh 2 Full reduplication only 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Morphology nkr Nukuoro 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 3.83333333333 154.916666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology nug Nunggubuyu 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Morphology nuu Nuuchahnulth 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 49.6666666667 -126.666666667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Morphology nyn Nyigina 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -18.0 124.333333333 Nyulnyulan Nyulnyulan Morphology ood O'odham 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 32.0 -112.0 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Morphology ojs Ojibwa (Severn) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 53.0 -90.0 Algonquian Algic Morphology oka Okanagan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 49.5 -118.5 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology olo Olo 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -3.41666666667 142.0 Central Wapei Torricelli Morphology ond Oneida 3 No productive reduplication 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Morphology oro Orokaiva 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -8.83333333333 148.25 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Morphology orh Oromo (Harar) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology pkn Paakantyi 2 Full reduplication only -32.5 142.5 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology pms Paamese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology pac Pacoh 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 16.4166666667 107.083333333 Katuic Austro-Asiatic Morphology put Paiute (Southern) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 37.8333333333 -113.333333333 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology pai Paiwan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Morphology pnn Pangasinan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 15.9166666667 120.333333333 Northern Luzon Austronesian Morphology pan Panjabi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 31.0 74.0 Indic Indo-European Morphology psh Pashto 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 33.0 67.0 Iranian Indo-European Morphology pau Paumarí 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Morphology pwn Pawnee 3 No productive reduplication 41.0 -98.6666666667 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Morphology prs Persian 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Morphology pgl Pingilapese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.21666666667 160.7 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology pip Pipil 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 13.8333333333 -89.5833333333 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology prh Pirahã 3 No productive reduplication -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Morphology ppi Pitta Pitta 2 Full reduplication only -22.8333333333 140.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology poh Pohnpeian 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.88333333333 158.25 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology por Portuguese 3 No productive reduplication 39.0 -8.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology pul Puluwat 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 7.33333333333 149.333333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology qay Quechua (Ayacucho) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -14.0 -74.0 Quechuan Quechuan Morphology qim Quechua (Imbabura) 2 Full reduplication only 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Morphology qui Quileute 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 47.9166666667 -124.25 Chimakuan Chimakuan Morphology rap Rapanui 2 Full reduplication only -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology rmb Rembarnga 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -12.8333333333 134.583333333 Eastern Gunwinyguan Gunwinyguan Morphology rit Ritharngu 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -12.8333333333 135.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology rot Rotuman 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -12.5 177.066666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology ruk Rukai (Tanan) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 22.8333333333 120.833333333 Rukai Austronesian Morphology cos Rumsien 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 36.8333333333333 -121.75 Costanoan Penutian Morphology rnd Rundi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -3.5 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology rny Runyankore 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -0.5 30.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology rus Russian 3 No productive reduplication 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Morphology sst Salish (Straits) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 48.75 -123.25 Central Salish Salishan Morphology sam Samoan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -13.9166666667 -171.833333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology stl Santali 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 24.5 87.0 Munda Austro-Asiatic Morphology swi Sawai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 0.5 128.0 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Morphology sed Sedang 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 14.8333333333 108.0 Bahnaric Austro-Asiatic Morphology sml Semelai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Morphology ser Seri 3 No productive reduplication 29.0 -112.0 Seri Hokan Morphology ses Sesotho 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -28.0 27.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology shu Shuswap 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 52.0 -120.0 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology sry Siraya 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 23.0 120.25 East Formosan Austronesian Morphology srn Sirionó 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -15.5833333333 -64.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Morphology sro Siroi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.5 146.0 Rai Coast Trans-New Guinea Morphology siu Siuslaw 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 44.0 -124.0 Siuslawan Oregon Coast Morphology sla Slave 3 No productive reduplication 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Morphology som Somali 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 3.0 45.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology spa Spanish 3 No productive reduplication 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology spo Spokane 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 47.6666666667 -117.75 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology squ Squamish 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Morphology sun Sundanese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -7.0 107.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Morphology swa Swahili 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology swt Swati 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -26.5 31.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology tag Tagalog 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology tml Tamil 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology tnc Tanacross 3 No productive reduplication 63.5 -143.5 Athapaskan Na-Dene Morphology tsg Tausug 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 6.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology tmr Temiar 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 5.0 101.5 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Morphology tps Tepehuan (Southeastern) 2 Full reduplication only 23.0 -104.5 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Morphology tha Thai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Morphology thw Thao 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 23.8833333333 120.916666667 Western Plains Austronesian Austronesian Morphology tho Thompson 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 49.75 -121.75 Interior Salish Salishan Morphology tid Tidore 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 0.75 127.5 North Halmaheran North Halmaheran Morphology tgk Tigak 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -2.71666666667 150.8 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology tig Tigrinya 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 14.5 38.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology tgr Tigré 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 16.5 38.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology tja Tiipay (Jamul) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 32.1666666667 -116.5 Yuman Hokan Morphology til Tillamook 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 45.3333333333 -123.75 Tillamook Salishan Morphology tim Timugon 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 5.0 116.0 North Borneo Austronesian Morphology tin Tinrin 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -21.6666666667 165.75 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology tiw Tiwi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Morphology tlp Tlapanec 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 17.0833333333 -99.0 Subtiaba-Tlapanec Oto-Manguean Morphology toj Tojolabal 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 16.3333333333 -91.5 Mayan Mayan Morphology tng Tongan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -21.1666666667 -175.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology tot Totonac (Misantla) 3 No productive reduplication 19.9166666667 -96.9166666667 Totonacan Totonacan Morphology tru Trumai 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Morphology tsi Tsimshian (Coast) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 52.5 -129.0 Tsimshianic Tsimshianic Morphology tso Tsou 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 23.5 120.75 Tsou Austronesian Morphology tsw Tswana 2 Full reduplication only -24.0 26.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology tuk Tukang Besi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Morphology tur Turkish 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Morphology tkm Turkmen 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 40.0 58.0 Turkic Altaic Morphology tuv Tuvan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 52.0 95.0 Turkic Altaic Morphology twa Twana 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 47.6666666667 -122.75 Central Salish Salishan Morphology tze Tzeltal 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 16.8333333333 -92.25 Mayan Mayan Morphology tzo Tzotzil 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 16.5 -92.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Morphology tbb Tübatulabal 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 36.0 -118.333333333 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology ung Ungarinjin 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -16.3333333333 126.0 Worrorran Worrorran Morphology uhi Uradhi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -11.9166666667 142.416666667 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology uyg Uyghur 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 40.0 80.0 Turkic Altaic Morphology vie Vietnamese 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Morphology wap Wappo 3 No productive reduplication 38.5 -122.5 Wappo Wappo-Yukian Morphology wry Waray (in Australia) 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -13.1666666667 131.25 Western Gunwinyguan Gunwinyguan Morphology wwy Waray-Waray 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 12.0 125.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology wrd Wardaman 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Morphology wrk Warekena 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 1.5 -67.5 Alto-Orinoco Arawakan Morphology war Wari' 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Morphology wrl Warlpiri 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -20.0 132.333333333 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology was Washo 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 39.25 -120.0 Washo Washo Morphology wsk Waskia 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -4.5 146.0 Kowan Trans-New Guinea Morphology wat Watjarri 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -26.0 117.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology wel Welsh 3 No productive reduplication 52.0 -3.0 Celtic Indo-European Morphology wic Wichita 3 No productive reduplication 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Morphology wch Wichí 3 No productive reduplication -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Morphology wmu Wik Munkan 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -13.9166666667 141.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology wik Wikchamni 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 36.4166666667 -119.083333333 Yokuts Penutian Morphology wlf Wolof 2 Full reduplication only 15.25 -16.0 Wolof Niger-Congo Morphology xav Xavánte 3 No productive reduplication -15.0 -52.5 Je Central Macro-Ge Morphology xho Xhosa 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -32.0 27.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology yag Yagua 3 No productive reduplication -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Morphology yan Yana 3 No productive reduplication 40.5 -122.0 Yana Hokan Morphology ynk Yankuntjatjara 2 Full reduplication only -27.0 132.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology yny Yanyuwa 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -16.4166666667 137.166666667 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology yaq Yaqui 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Morphology ywl Yawelmani 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 35.4166666667 -119.0 Yokuts Penutian Morphology yid Yidiny 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology yim Yimas 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Morphology yin Yindjibarndi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -21.75 117.916666667 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology yir Yir Yoront 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -14.8333333333 141.833333333 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology yor Yoruba 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Morphology yct Yucatec 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 20.0 -89.0 Mayan Mayan Morphology yuc Yuchi 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 35.75 -86.75 Yuchi Yuchi Morphology yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 3 No productive reduplication 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Morphology yuk Yukulta 1 Productive full and partial reduplication -17.3333333333 138.833333333 Tangkic Tangkic Morphology ypk Yup'ik (Central) 3 No productive reduplication 59.5 -160.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Morphology yur Yurok 1 Productive full and partial reduplication 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Morphology zhn Zhuang (Northern) 2 Full reduplication only 24.0 108.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Morphology zul Zulu 2 Full reduplication only -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology zun Zuni 3 No productive reduplication 35.0833333333 -108.833333333 Zuni Zuni Morphology