Matthew Baerman, Dunstan Brown. 2013. Case Syncretism.
In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.)
WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591
(Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/28, Accessed on 2026-06-15.)

wals code	name	value	description	latitude	longitude	genus	family	area
abi	Abipón	1	No case marking	-29.0	-61.0	Abipon	Guaicuruan	Morphology
abk	Abkhaz	1	No case marking	43.0833333333	41.0	Northwest Caucasian	Northwest Caucasian	Morphology
aco	Acoma	1	No case marking	34.9166666667	-107.583333333	Keresan	Keresan	Morphology
ain	Ainu	1	No case marking	43.0	143.0	Ainu	Ainu	Morphology
ala	Alamblak	1	No case marking	-4.66666666667	143.333333333	Sepik Hill	Sepik	Morphology
ame	Amele	1	No case marking	-5.25	145.583333333	Mabuso	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
apu	Apurinã	1	No case marking	-9.0	-67.0	Purus	Arawakan	Morphology
aeg	Arabic (Egyptian)	1	No case marking	30.0	31.0	Semitic	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
ana	Araona	3	Core and non-core	-12.3333333333	-67.75	Tacanan	Pano-Tacanan	Morphology
arp	Arapesh (Mountain)	1	No case marking	-3.46666666667	143.166666667	Kombio-Arapesh	Torricelli	Morphology
arm	Armenian (Eastern)	3	Core and non-core	40.0	45.0	Armenian	Indo-European	Morphology
asm	Asmat	1	No case marking	-5.5	138.5	Asmat-Kamrau Bay	Asmat-Kamrau Bay	Morphology
awp	Awa Pit	1	No case marking	1.5	-78.25	Barbacoan	Barbacoan	Morphology
aym	Aymara (Central)	1	No case marking	-17.0	-69.0	Aymaran	Aymaran	Morphology
bag	Bagirmi	1	No case marking	11.6666666667	16.0	Bongo-Bagirmi	Central Sudanic	Morphology
bam	Bambara	1	No case marking	12.5	-7.5	Western Mande	Mande	Morphology
brs	Barasano	1	No case marking	-0.166666666667	-70.6666666667	Tucanoan	Tucanoan	Morphology
bsq	Basque	2	Core cases only	43.0	-3.0	Basque	Basque	Morphology
bkr	Batak (Karo)	1	No case marking	3.25	98.25	Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands	Austronesian	Morphology
baw	Bawm	4	No syncretism	22.5	92.25	Kuki-Chin	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
bej	Beja	1	No case marking	18.0	36.0	Beja	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
bma	Berber (Middle Atlas)	1	No case marking	33.0	-5.0	Berber	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
brh	Brahui	4	No syncretism	28.5	67.0	Dravidian	Dravidian	Morphology
bri	Bribri	1	No case marking	9.41666666667	-83.0	Western Isthmic Chibchan	Chibchan	Morphology
brm	Burmese	1	No case marking	21.0	96.0	Burmese-Lolo	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
bur	Burushaski	3	Core and non-core	36.5	74.5	Burushaski	Burushaski	Morphology
cah	Cahuilla	4	No syncretism	33.5	-116.25	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Uto-Aztecan	Morphology
cnl	Canela	1	No case marking	-7.0	-45.0	Je Setentrional	Macro-Ge	Morphology
car	Carib	1	No case marking	5.5	-56.0	Cariban	Cariban	Morphology
cyv	Cayuvava	1	No case marking	-13.5	-65.5	Cayuvava	Cayuvava	Morphology
cha	Chamorro	1	No case marking	13.45	144.75	Chamorro	Austronesian	Morphology
cle	Chinantec (Lealao)	1	No case marking	17.3333333333	-95.9166666667	Chinantecan	Oto-Manguean	Morphology
chk	Chukchi	3	Core and non-core	67.0	-173.0	Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	Morphology
ccp	Cocopa	4	No syncretism	32.3333333333	-115.0	Yuman	Hokan	Morphology
cmn	Comanche	3	Core and non-core	33.5	-101.5	Northern Uto-Aztecan	Uto-Aztecan	Morphology
coo	Coos (Hanis)	1	No case marking	43.5	-124.166666667	Coosan	Oregon Coast	Morphology
cre	Cree (Plains)	1	No case marking	54.0	-110.0	Algonquian	Algic	Morphology
dag	Daga	1	No case marking	-10.0	149.333333333	Dagan	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
dni	Dani (Lower Grand Valley)	1	No case marking	-4.33333333333	138.833333333	Dani	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
dio	Diola-Fogny	1	No case marking	13.0	-16.25	Jola	Niger-Congo	Morphology
dre	Drehu	1	No case marking	-21.0	167.25	Oceanic	Austronesian	Morphology
eka	Ekari	1	No case marking	-3.83333333333	135.5	Paniai Lakes	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
eng	English	2	Core cases only	52.0	0.0	Germanic	Indo-European	Morphology
epe	Epena Pedee	4	No syncretism	3.0	-77.0	Choco	Choco	Morphology
eve	Evenki	4	No syncretism	56.0	125.0	Tungusic	Altaic	Morphology
ewe	Ewe	1	No case marking	6.33333333333	0.416666666667	Gbe	Niger-Congo	Morphology
fij	Fijian	2	Core cases only	-17.8333333333	178.0	Oceanic	Austronesian	Morphology
fin	Finnish	3	Core and non-core	62.0	25.0	Finnic	Uralic	Morphology
fre	French	3	Core and non-core	48.0	2.0	Romance	Indo-European	Morphology
fur	Fur	1	No case marking	13.5	25.0	Fur	Fur	Morphology
gar	Garo	4	No syncretism	25.6666666667	90.5	Brahmaputran	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
geo	Georgian	3	Core and non-core	42.0	44.0	Kartvelian	Kartvelian	Morphology
ger	German	3	Core and non-core	52.0	10.0	Germanic	Indo-European	Morphology
goo	Gooniyandi	1	No case marking	-18.3333333333	126.333333333	Bunuban	Bunuban	Morphology
grb	Grebo	1	No case marking	5.0	-8.0	Kru	Niger-Congo	Morphology
grk	Greek (Modern)	3	Core and non-core	39.0	22.0	Greek	Indo-European	Morphology
grw	Greenlandic (West)	2	Core cases only	64.0	-51.0	Eskimo	Eskimo-Aleut	Morphology
gua	Guaraní	1	No case marking	-26.0	-56.0	Maweti-Guarani	Tupian	Morphology
hai	Haida	1	No case marking	53.0	-132.0	Haida	Haida	Morphology
ham	Hamtai	1	No case marking	-7.5	146.25	Nuclear Angan	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
hau	Hausa	4	No syncretism	12.0	7.0	West Chadic	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
heb	Hebrew (Modern)	1	No case marking	31.5	34.8333333333	Semitic	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
hin	Hindi	3	Core and non-core	25.0	77.0	Indic	Indo-European	Morphology
hix	Hixkaryana	1	No case marking	-1.0	-59.0	Cariban	Cariban	Morphology
hmo	Hmong Njua	1	No case marking	28.0	105.0	Hmongic	Hmong-Mien	Morphology
hmi	Huitoto (Minica)	4	No syncretism	-0.333333333333	-74.0	Witoto	Witotoan	Morphology
hun	Hungarian	4	No syncretism	47.0	20.0	Ugric	Uralic	Morphology
hzb	Hunzib	4	No syncretism	42.1666666667	46.25	Avar-Andic-Tsezic	Nakh-Daghestanian	Morphology
igb	Igbo	1	No case marking	6.0	7.33333333333	Igboid	Niger-Congo	Morphology
ika	Ika	4	No syncretism	10.6666666667	-73.75	Arhuacic	Chibchan	Morphology
imo	Imonda	4	No syncretism	-3.33333333333	141.166666667	Border	Border	Morphology
ind	Indonesian	1	No case marking	0.0	106.0	Malayo-Sumbawan	Austronesian	Morphology
ing	Ingush	3	Core and non-core	43.1666666667	45.0833333333	Nakh	Nakh-Daghestanian	Morphology
irq	Iraqw	1	No case marking	-4.0	35.5	Southern Cushitic	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
iri	Irish	3	Core and non-core	53.0	-8.0	Celtic	Indo-European	Morphology
jak	Jakaltek	1	No case marking	15.6666666667	-91.6666666667	Mayan	Mayan	Morphology
jpn	Japanese	1	No case marking	37.0	140.0	Japanese	Japanese	Morphology
juh	Ju|'hoan	1	No case marking	-19.0	21.0	Ju-Kung	Kxa	Morphology
knd	Kannada	4	No syncretism	14.0	76.0	Dravidian	Dravidian	Morphology
knr	Kanuri	1	No case marking	12.0	13.0	Western Saharan	Saharan	Morphology
krk	Karok	1	No case marking	41.6666666667	-123.0	Karok	Hokan	Morphology
kyl	Kayah Li (Eastern)	1	No case marking	19.0	97.5	Karen	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
kay	Kayardild	3	Core and non-core	-17.05	139.5	Tangkic	Tangkic	Morphology
ker	Kera	1	No case marking	9.83333333333	15.0833333333	East Chadic	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
ket	Ket	4	No syncretism	64.0	87.0	Yeniseian	Yeniseian	Morphology
kew	Kewa	1	No case marking	-6.5	143.833333333	Enga_Kewa-Huli	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
kha	Khalkha	4	No syncretism	47.0	105.0	Mongolic	Altaic	Morphology
khs	Khasi	1	No case marking	25.5	92.0	Khasian	Austro-Asiatic	Morphology
khm	Khmer	1	No case marking	12.5	105.0	Khmer	Austro-Asiatic	Morphology
kmu	Khmu'	1	No case marking	21.0	102.0	Khmuic	Austro-Asiatic	Morphology
klv	Kilivila	1	No case marking	-8.5	151.083333333	Oceanic	Austronesian	Morphology
kio	Kiowa	1	No case marking	37.0	-99.0	Kiowa-Tanoan	Kiowa-Tanoan	Morphology
krb	Kiribati	1	No case marking	1.33333333333	173.0	Oceanic	Austronesian	Morphology
koa	Koasati	4	No syncretism	34.8333333333	-85.1666666667	Muskogean	Muskogean	Morphology
kob	Kobon	1	No case marking	-5.16666666667	144.333333333	Kalam-Kobon	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
kon	Kongo	1	No case marking	-5.0	15.0	Bantu	Niger-Congo	Morphology
kor	Korean	1	No case marking	37.5	128.0	Korean	Korean	Morphology
kfe	Koromfe	1	No case marking	14.25	-0.916666666667	Koromfe	Niger-Congo	Morphology
kse	Koyraboro Senni	1	No case marking	16.0	0.0	Songhay	Songhay	Morphology
kro	Krongo	3	Core and non-core	10.5	30.0	Kadugli	Kadu	Morphology
knm	Kunama	1	No case marking	14.5	37.0	Kunama	Kunama	Morphology
kut	Kutenai	1	No case marking	49.5	-116.0	Kutenai	Kutenai	Morphology
lad	Ladakhi	4	No syncretism	34.0	78.0	Bodic	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
lak	Lak	2	Core cases only	42.1666666667	47.1666666667	Lak	Nakh-Daghestanian	Morphology
lkt	Lakhota	1	No case marking	43.8333333333	-101.833333333	Mississippi Valley Siouan	Siouan	Morphology
lan	Lango	1	No case marking	2.16666666667	33.0	Western Nilotic	Eastern Sudanic	Morphology
lat	Latvian	3	Core and non-core	57.0	24.0	Baltic	Indo-European	Morphology
lav	Lavukaleve	1	No case marking	-9.08333333333	159.2	Lavukaleve	Solomons East Papuan	Morphology
lep	Lepcha	4	No syncretism	27.1666666667	88.5	Himalayish	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
lez	Lezgian	3	Core and non-core	41.6666666667	47.8333333333	Lezgic	Nakh-Daghestanian	Morphology
luv	Luvale	1	No case marking	-12.0	22.0	Bantu	Niger-Congo	Morphology
mab	Maba	1	No case marking	13.75	20.8333333333	Maban	Maban	Morphology
mal	Malagasy	1	No case marking	-20.0	47.0	Barito	Austronesian	Morphology
mnd	Mandarin	1	No case marking	34.0	110.0	Chinese	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
myi	Mangarrayi	2	Core cases only	-14.6666666667	133.5	Mangarrayi	Mangarrayi-Maran	Morphology
mao	Maori	1	No case marking	-40.0	176.0	Oceanic	Austronesian	Morphology
map	Mapudungun	1	No case marking	-38.0	-72.0	Araucanian	Araucanian	Morphology
mku	Maranungku	1	No case marking	-13.6666666667	130.0	Wagaydy	Western Daly	Morphology
mar	Maricopa	4	No syncretism	33.1666666667	-113.166666667	Yuman	Hokan	Morphology
mrd	Marind	1	No case marking	-7.83333333333	140.166666667	Marind-Yaqay	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
mrt	Martuthunira	3	Core and non-core	-20.8333333333	116.5	Western Pama-Nyungan	Pama-Nyungan	Morphology
mau	Maung	1	No case marking	-11.9166666667	133.5	Iwaidjan	Iwaidjan	Morphology
may	Maybrat	1	No case marking	-1.33333333333	132.5	Maybrat	Maybrat	Morphology
mei	Meithei	4	No syncretism	24.75	94.0	Manipuri	Sino-Tibetan	Morphology
mss	Miwok (Southern Sierra)	4	No syncretism	37.5	-120.0	Miwok	Penutian	Morphology
mxc	Mixtec (Chalcatongo)	1	No case marking	17.05	-97.5833333333	Mixtec	Oto-Manguean	Morphology
mun	Mundari	1	No case marking	23.0	84.6666666667	Munda	Austro-Asiatic	Morphology
mrl	Murle	2	Core cases only	6.5	33.5	South Surmic	Eastern Sudanic	Morphology
nht	Nahuatl (Tetelcingo)	1	No case marking	19.6666666667	-99.0	Aztecan	Uto-Aztecan	Morphology
kho	Nama	1	No case marking	-25.5	18.0	Khoe-Kwadi	Khoe-Kwadi	Morphology
nav	Navajo	1	No case marking	36.1666666667	-108.0	Athapaskan	Na-Dene	Morphology
ndy	Ndyuka	1	No case marking	4.5	-54.5	Creoles and Pidgins	other	Morphology
ntu	Nenets	3	Core and non-core	70.0	76.0	Samoyedic	Uralic	Morphology
nez	Nez Perce	4	No syncretism	46.0	-116.0	Sahaptian	Penutian	Morphology
nti	Ngiti	1	No case marking	1.33333333333	30.25	Lendu	Central Sudanic	Morphology
ngi	Ngiyambaa	3	Core and non-core	-31.75	145.5	Southeastern Pama-Nyungan	Pama-Nyungan	Morphology
niv	Nivkh	4	No syncretism	53.3333333333	142.0	Nivkh	Nivkh	Morphology
nko	Nkore-Kiga	1	No case marking	-0.916666666667	29.8333333333	Bantu	Niger-Congo	Morphology
nbd	Nubian (Dongolese)	4	No syncretism	18.25	30.75	Nubian	Eastern Sudanic	Morphology
nug	Nunggubuyu	4	No syncretism	-13.75	135.666666667	Nunggubuyu	Gunwinyguan	Morphology
orh	Oromo (Harar)	2	Core cases only	9.0	42.0	Lowland East Cushitic	Afro-Asiatic	Morphology
otm	Otomí (Mezquital)	1	No case marking	20.1666666667	-99.1666666667	Otomian	Oto-Manguean	Morphology
pms	Paamese	1	No case marking	-16.5	168.25	Oceanic	Austronesian	Morphology
pai	Paiwan	4	No syncretism	22.5	120.833333333	Paiwan	Austronesian	Morphology
psm	Passamaquoddy-Maliseet	1	No case marking	45.0	-67.0	Algonquian	Algic	Morphology
pau	Paumarí	2	Core cases only	-6.0	-64.0	Arauan	Arauan	Morphology
prs	Persian	1	No case marking	32.0	54.0	Iranian	Indo-European	Morphology
prh	Pirahã	1	No case marking	-7.0	-62.0	Mura	Mura	Morphology
pit	Pitjantjatjara	2	Core cases only	-26.0	130.0	Western Pama-Nyungan	Pama-Nyungan	Morphology
pso	Pomo (Southeastern)	4	No syncretism	39.0	-122.5	Pomoan	Hokan	Morphology
qaw	Qawasqar	1	No case marking	-49.0	-75.0	Alacalufan	Alacalufan	Morphology
qim	Quechua (Imbabura)	4	No syncretism	0.333333333333	-78.0	Quechuan	Quechuan	Morphology
ram	Rama	1	No case marking	11.75	-83.75	Rama	Chibchan	Morphology
rap	Rapanui	1	No case marking	-27.1166666667	-109.366666667	Oceanic	Austronesian	Morphology
rus	Russian	3	Core and non-core	56.0	38.0	Slavic	Indo-European	Morphology
san	Sango	1	No case marking	5.0	18.0	Ubangi	Niger-Congo	Morphology
snm	Sanuma	1	No case marking	4.5	-64.6666666667	Yanomam	Yanomam	Morphology
sel	Selknam	1	No case marking	-53.0	-70.0	Chonan Proper	Chonan	Morphology
snt	Sentani	1	No case marking	-2.58333333333	140.583333333	Sentanic	Sentanic	Morphology
shk	Shipibo-Konibo	1	No case marking	-7.5	-75.0	Panoan	Pano-Tacanan	Morphology
sla	Slave	1	No case marking	67.0	-125.0	Athapaskan	Na-Dene	Morphology
spa	Spanish	3	Core and non-core	40.0	-4.0	Romance	Indo-European	Morphology
squ	Squamish	1	No case marking	49.6666666667	-123.166666667	Central Salish	Salishan	Morphology
sue	Suena	2	Core cases only	-7.75	147.55	Binanderean	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
sup	Supyire	1	No case marking	11.5	-5.58333333333	Senufo	Niger-Congo	Morphology
swa	Swahili	1	No case marking	-6.5	39.0	Bantu	Niger-Congo	Morphology
tab	Taba	1	No case marking	0.0	127.5	South Halmahera - West New Guinea	Austronesian	Morphology
tag	Tagalog	1	No case marking	15.0	121.0	Greater Central Philippine	Austronesian	Morphology
tha	Thai	1	No case marking	16.0	101.0	Kam-Tai	Tai-Kadai	Morphology
tiw	Tiwi	1	No case marking	-11.5	131.0	Tiwian	Tiwian	Morphology
tli	Tlingit	1	No case marking	59.0	-135.0	Tlingit	Na-Dene	Morphology
tru	Trumai	4	No syncretism	-11.9166666667	-53.5833333333	Trumai	Trumai	Morphology
tsi	Tsimshian (Coast)	1	No case marking	52.5	-129.0	Tsimshianic	Tsimshianic	Morphology
tuk	Tukang Besi	1	No case marking	-5.5	123.5	Celebic	Austronesian	Morphology
tun	Tunica	1	No case marking	32.6666666667	-91.0	Tunica	Tunica	Morphology
tur	Turkish	4	No syncretism	39.0	35.0	Turkic	Altaic	Morphology
una	Una	4	No syncretism	-4.66666666667	140.0	Mek	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
ung	Ungarinjin	1	No case marking	-16.3333333333	126.0	Worrorran	Worrorran	Morphology
urk	Urubú-Kaapor	1	No case marking	-2.33333333333	-46.5	Maweti-Guarani	Tupian	Morphology
usa	Usan	1	No case marking	-4.83333333333	145.166666667	North Adelbert	Trans-New Guinea	Morphology
vie	Vietnamese	1	No case marking	10.5	106.5	Vietic	Austro-Asiatic	Morphology
wam	Wambaya	2	Core cases only	-18.6666666667	135.75	Wambayan	Mirndi	Morphology
wra	Warao	2	Core cases only	9.33333333333	-61.6666666667	Warao	Warao	Morphology
wrd	Wardaman	4	No syncretism	-15.5	131.0	Yangmanic	Yangmanic	Morphology
war	Wari'	1	No case marking	-11.3333333333	-65.0	Chapacura-Wanham	Chapacura-Wanham	Morphology
wic	Wichita	1	No case marking	33.3333333333	-97.3333333333	Northern Caddoan	Caddoan	Morphology
wch	Wichí	1	No case marking	-22.5	-62.5833333333	Matacoan	Matacoan	Morphology
yag	Yagua	1	No case marking	-3.5	-72.0	Peba-Yaguan	Peba-Yaguan	Morphology
yaq	Yaqui	2	Core cases only	27.5	-110.25	Cahita	Uto-Aztecan	Morphology
yid	Yidiny	2	Core cases only	-17.0	145.75	Northern Pama-Nyungan	Pama-Nyungan	Morphology
yim	Yimas	1	No case marking	-4.66666666667	143.55	Lower Sepik	Ramu-Lower Sepik	Morphology
yor	Yoruba	4	No syncretism	8.0	4.33333333333	Defoid	Niger-Congo	Morphology
yuc	Yuchi	1	No case marking	35.75	-86.75	Yuchi	Yuchi	Morphology
yko	Yukaghir (Kolyma)	2	Core cases only	65.75	150.833333333	Yukaghir	Yukaghir	Morphology
ypk	Yup'ik (Central)	2	Core cases only	59.5	-160.0	Eskimo	Eskimo-Aleut	Morphology
yur	Yurok	2	Core cases only	41.3333333333	-124.0	Yurok	Algic	Morphology
zqc	Zoque (Copainalá)	4	No syncretism	17.0	-93.25	Mixe-Zoque	Mixe-Zoque	Morphology
zul	Zulu	1	No case marking	-30.0	30.0	Bantu	Niger-Congo	Morphology