Matthew Baerman, Dunstan Brown. 2013. Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/29, Accessed on 2026-06-12.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abi Abipón 2 Syncretic -29.0 -61.0 Abipon Guaicuruan Morphology abk Abkhaz 3 Not syncretic 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Morphology aco Acoma 3 Not syncretic 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Morphology ain Ainu 3 Not syncretic 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Morphology ala Alamblak 3 Not syncretic -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Morphology ame Amele 2 Syncretic -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Morphology apu Apurinã 3 Not syncretic -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Morphology aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 2 Syncretic 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology ana Araona 1 No subject person/number marking -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Morphology arp Arapesh (Mountain) 3 Not syncretic -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Morphology arm Armenian (Eastern) 3 Not syncretic 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Morphology asm Asmat 3 Not syncretic -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Morphology awp Awa Pit 2 Syncretic 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Morphology aym Aymara (Central) 2 Syncretic -17.0 -69.0 Aymaran Aymaran Morphology bag Bagirmi 2 Syncretic 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Morphology bam Bambara 1 No subject person/number marking 12.5 -7.5 Western Mande Mande Morphology brs Barasano 3 Not syncretic -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Morphology bsq Basque 3 Not syncretic 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Morphology bkr Batak (Karo) 3 Not syncretic 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Morphology baw Bawm 3 Not syncretic 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Morphology bej Beja 2 Syncretic 18.0 36.0 Beja Afro-Asiatic Morphology bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 3 Not syncretic 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Morphology brh Brahui 3 Not syncretic 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology bri Bribri 1 No subject person/number marking 9.41666666667 -83.0 Western Isthmic Chibchan Chibchan Morphology brm Burmese 1 No subject person/number marking 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Morphology bur Burushaski 2 Syncretic 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Morphology cah Cahuilla 3 Not syncretic 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology cnl Canela 2 Syncretic -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Morphology car Carib 2 Syncretic 5.5 -56.0 Cariban Cariban Morphology cyv Cayuvava 2 Syncretic -13.5 -65.5 Cayuvava Cayuvava Morphology cha Chamorro 3 Not syncretic 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Morphology cle Chinantec (Lealao) 2 Syncretic 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Morphology chk Chukchi 2 Syncretic 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Morphology ccp Cocopa 3 Not syncretic 32.3333333333 -115.0 Yuman Hokan Morphology cmn Comanche 1 No subject person/number marking 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology coo Coos (Hanis) 3 Not syncretic 43.5 -124.166666667 Coosan Oregon Coast Morphology cre Cree (Plains) 3 Not syncretic 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Morphology dag Daga 2 Syncretic -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Morphology dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 2 Syncretic -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Morphology dio Diola-Fogny 2 Syncretic 13.0 -16.25 Jola Niger-Congo Morphology dre Drehu 1 No subject person/number marking -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology eka Ekari 2 Syncretic -3.83333333333 135.5 Paniai Lakes Trans-New Guinea Morphology eng English 2 Syncretic 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Morphology epe Epena Pedee 1 No subject person/number marking 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Morphology eve Evenki 3 Not syncretic 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Morphology ewe Ewe 2 Syncretic 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Morphology fij Fijian 1 No subject person/number marking -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology fin Finnish 3 Not syncretic 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Morphology fre French 2 Syncretic 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology fur Fur 3 Not syncretic 13.5 25.0 Fur Fur Morphology gar Garo 1 No subject person/number marking 25.6666666667 90.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Morphology geo Georgian 3 Not syncretic 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Morphology ger German 2 Syncretic 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Morphology goo Gooniyandi 3 Not syncretic -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Morphology grb Grebo 3 Not syncretic 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Morphology grk Greek (Modern) 3 Not syncretic 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Morphology grw Greenlandic (West) 3 Not syncretic 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Morphology gua Guaraní 3 Not syncretic -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Morphology hai Haida 1 No subject person/number marking 53.0 -132.0 Haida Haida Morphology ham Hamtai 2 Syncretic -7.5 146.25 Nuclear Angan Trans-New Guinea Morphology hau Hausa 1 No subject person/number marking 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Morphology heb Hebrew (Modern) 2 Syncretic 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology hin Hindi 2 Syncretic 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Morphology hix Hixkaryana 2 Syncretic -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Morphology hmo Hmong Njua 1 No subject person/number marking 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Morphology hmi Huitoto (Minica) 3 Not syncretic -0.333333333333 -74.0 Witoto Witotoan Morphology hun Hungarian 3 Not syncretic 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Morphology hzb Hunzib 3 Not syncretic 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology igb Igbo 1 No subject person/number marking 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Morphology ika Ika 2 Syncretic 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Morphology imo Imonda 1 No subject person/number marking -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Morphology ind Indonesian 1 No subject person/number marking 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Morphology ing Ingush 3 Not syncretic 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology irq Iraqw 2 Syncretic -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology iri Irish 2 Syncretic 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Morphology jak Jakaltek 3 Not syncretic 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Morphology jpn Japanese 1 No subject person/number marking 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Morphology juh Ju|'hoan 1 No subject person/number marking -19.0 21.0 Ju-Kung Kxa Morphology knd Kannada 2 Syncretic 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Morphology knr Kanuri 3 Not syncretic 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Morphology krk Karok 2 Syncretic 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Morphology kyl Kayah Li (Eastern) 1 No subject person/number marking 19.0 97.5 Karen Sino-Tibetan Morphology kay Kayardild 1 No subject person/number marking -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Morphology ker Kera 1 No subject person/number marking 9.83333333333 15.0833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Morphology ket Ket 2 Syncretic 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Morphology kew Kewa 2 Syncretic -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Morphology kha Khalkha 1 No subject person/number marking 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Morphology khs Khasi 1 No subject person/number marking 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Morphology khm Khmer 1 No subject person/number marking 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Morphology kmu Khmu' 1 No subject person/number marking 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Morphology klv Kilivila 3 Not syncretic -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology kio Kiowa 2 Syncretic 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Morphology krb Kiribati 1 No subject person/number marking 1.33333333333 173.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology koa Koasati 3 Not syncretic 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Morphology kob Kobon 2 Syncretic -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Morphology kon Kongo 2 Syncretic -5.0 15.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology kor Korean 1 No subject person/number marking 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Morphology kfe Koromfe 1 No subject person/number marking 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Morphology kse Koyraboro Senni 1 No subject person/number marking 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Morphology kro Krongo 3 Not syncretic 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Morphology knm Kunama 2 Syncretic 14.5 37.0 Kunama Kunama Morphology kut Kutenai 3 Not syncretic 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Morphology lad Ladakhi 1 No subject person/number marking 34.0 78.0 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Morphology lak Lak 2 Syncretic 42.1666666667 47.1666666667 Lak Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology lkt Lakhota 3 Not syncretic 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Morphology lan Lango 2 Syncretic 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Morphology lat Latvian 2 Syncretic 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Morphology lav Lavukaleve 2 Syncretic -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Morphology lep Lepcha 1 No subject person/number marking 27.1666666667 88.5 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Morphology lez Lezgian 1 No subject person/number marking 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Morphology luv Luvale 2 Syncretic -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology mab Maba 3 Not syncretic 13.75 20.8333333333 Maban Maban Morphology mal Malagasy 3 Not syncretic -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Morphology mnd Mandarin 1 No subject person/number marking 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Morphology myi Mangarrayi 3 Not syncretic -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Morphology mao Maori 1 No subject person/number marking -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology map Mapudungun 3 Not syncretic -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Morphology mku Maranungku 3 Not syncretic -13.6666666667 130.0 Wagaydy Western Daly Morphology mar Maricopa 3 Not syncretic 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Morphology mrd Marind 2 Syncretic -7.83333333333 140.166666667 Marind-Yaqay Trans-New Guinea Morphology mrt Martuthunira 1 No subject person/number marking -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology mau Maung 3 Not syncretic -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Morphology may Maybrat 3 Not syncretic -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Morphology mei Meithei 1 No subject person/number marking 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Morphology mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 3 Not syncretic 37.5 -120.0 Miwok Penutian Morphology mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 3 Not syncretic 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Morphology mun Mundari 3 Not syncretic 23.0 84.6666666667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Morphology mrl Murle 2 Syncretic 6.5 33.5 South Surmic Eastern Sudanic Morphology nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 3 Not syncretic 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Morphology kho Nama 2 Syncretic -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Morphology nav Navajo 3 Not syncretic 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Morphology ndy Ndyuka 1 No subject person/number marking 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Morphology ntu Nenets 2 Syncretic 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Morphology nez Nez Perce 3 Not syncretic 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Morphology nti Ngiti 2 Syncretic 1.33333333333 30.25 Lendu Central Sudanic Morphology ngi Ngiyambaa 1 No subject person/number marking -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology niv Nivkh 2 Syncretic 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Morphology nko Nkore-Kiga 2 Syncretic -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 2 Syncretic 18.25 30.75 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Morphology nug Nunggubuyu 2 Syncretic -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Morphology ond Oneida 3 Not syncretic 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Morphology orh Oromo (Harar) 2 Syncretic 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Morphology pms Paamese 3 Not syncretic -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology pai Paiwan 3 Not syncretic 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Morphology psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 3 Not syncretic 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Morphology pau Paumarí 3 Not syncretic -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Morphology prs Persian 3 Not syncretic 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Morphology prh Pirahã 1 No subject person/number marking -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Morphology pit Pitjantjatjara 1 No subject person/number marking -26.0 130.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology pso Pomo (Southeastern) 1 No subject person/number marking 39.0 -122.5 Pomoan Hokan Morphology qaw Qawasqar 1 No subject person/number marking -49.0 -75.0 Alacalufan Alacalufan Morphology qim Quechua (Imbabura) 3 Not syncretic 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Morphology ram Rama 1 No subject person/number marking 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Morphology rap Rapanui 1 No subject person/number marking -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Morphology rus Russian 3 Not syncretic 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Morphology san Sango 3 Not syncretic 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Morphology snm Sanuma 1 No subject person/number marking 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Morphology sel Selknam 1 No subject person/number marking -53.0 -70.0 Chonan Proper Chonan Morphology snt Sentani 2 Syncretic -2.58333333333 140.583333333 Sentanic Sentanic Morphology shk Shipibo-Konibo 1 No subject person/number marking -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Morphology sla Slave 3 Not syncretic 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Morphology spa Spanish 2 Syncretic 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Morphology squ Squamish 3 Not syncretic 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Morphology sue Suena 2 Syncretic -7.75 147.55 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Morphology sup Supyire 1 No subject person/number marking 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Morphology swa Swahili 2 Syncretic -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology tab Taba 3 Not syncretic 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Morphology tag Tagalog 1 No subject person/number marking 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Morphology tha Thai 1 No subject person/number marking 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Morphology tiw Tiwi 2 Syncretic -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Morphology tli Tlingit 3 Not syncretic 59.0 -135.0 Tlingit Na-Dene Morphology tru Trumai 1 No subject person/number marking -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Morphology tsi Tsimshian (Coast) 3 Not syncretic 52.5 -129.0 Tsimshianic Tsimshianic Morphology tuk Tukang Besi 3 Not syncretic -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Morphology tun Tunica 3 Not syncretic 32.6666666667 -91.0 Tunica Tunica Morphology tur Turkish 3 Not syncretic 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Morphology una Una 3 Not syncretic -4.66666666667 140.0 Mek Trans-New Guinea Morphology ung Ungarinjin 3 Not syncretic -16.3333333333 126.0 Worrorran Worrorran Morphology urk Urubú-Kaapor 3 Not syncretic -2.33333333333 -46.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Morphology usa Usan 2 Syncretic -4.83333333333 145.166666667 North Adelbert Trans-New Guinea Morphology vie Vietnamese 1 No subject person/number marking 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Morphology wam Wambaya 3 Not syncretic -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Morphology wra Warao 1 No subject person/number marking 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Morphology wrd Wardaman 3 Not syncretic -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Morphology war Wari' 1 No subject person/number marking -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Morphology wic Wichita 3 Not syncretic 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Morphology wch Wichí 3 Not syncretic -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Morphology yag Yagua 1 No subject person/number marking -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Morphology yaq Yaqui 1 No subject person/number marking 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Morphology yid Yidiny 1 No subject person/number marking -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Morphology yim Yimas 2 Syncretic -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Morphology yor Yoruba 1 No subject person/number marking 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Morphology yuc Yuchi 3 Not syncretic 35.75 -86.75 Yuchi Yuchi Morphology yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 2 Syncretic 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Morphology ypk Yup'ik (Central) 3 Not syncretic 59.5 -160.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Morphology yur Yurok 3 Not syncretic 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Morphology zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 3 Not syncretic 17.0 -93.25 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Morphology zul Zulu 2 Syncretic -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Morphology