Michael Cysouw. 2013. Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/40, Accessed on 2026-06-10.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abi Abipón 2 'We' the same as 'I' -29.0 -61.0 Abipon Guaicuruan Nominal Categories abk Abkhaz 3 No inclusive/exclusive 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Nominal Categories aco Acoma 2 'We' the same as 'I' 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Nominal Categories ain Ainu 5 Inclusive/exclusive 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Nominal Categories ala Alamblak 3 No inclusive/exclusive -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Nominal Categories ame Amele 3 No inclusive/exclusive -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories apu Apurinã 3 No inclusive/exclusive -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Nominal Categories aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories ana Araona 1 No person marking -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Nominal Categories arp Arapesh (Mountain) 3 No inclusive/exclusive -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Nominal Categories arm Armenian (Eastern) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Nominal Categories asm Asmat 3 No inclusive/exclusive -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Nominal Categories awp Awa Pit 2 'We' the same as 'I' 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Nominal Categories aym Aymara (Central) 4 Only inclusive -17.0 -69.0 Aymaran Aymaran Nominal Categories bag Bagirmi 1 No person marking 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Nominal Categories bam Bambara 1 No person marking 12.5 -7.5 Western Mande Mande Nominal Categories brs Barasano 1 No person marking -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Nominal Categories bsq Basque 3 No inclusive/exclusive 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Nominal Categories bkr Batak (Karo) 1 No person marking 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Nominal Categories baw Bawm 1 No person marking 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories bej Beja 3 No inclusive/exclusive 18.0 36.0 Beja Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories brh Brahui 3 No inclusive/exclusive 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Nominal Categories bri Bribri 1 No person marking 9.41666666667 -83.0 Western Isthmic Chibchan Chibchan Nominal Categories brm Burmese 1 No person marking 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories bur Burushaski 3 No inclusive/exclusive 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Nominal Categories cah Cahuilla 3 No inclusive/exclusive 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories cnl Canela 4 Only inclusive -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Nominal Categories car Carib 4 Only inclusive 5.5 -56.0 Cariban Cariban Nominal Categories cyv Cayuvava 5 Inclusive/exclusive -13.5 -65.5 Cayuvava Cayuvava Nominal Categories cha Chamorro 1 No person marking 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Nominal Categories cle Chinantec (Lealao) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Nominal Categories chk Chukchi 3 No inclusive/exclusive 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Nominal Categories cmn Comanche 1 No person marking 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories coo Coos (Hanis) 5 Inclusive/exclusive 43.5 -124.166666667 Coosan Oregon Coast Nominal Categories cre Cree (Plains) 4 Only inclusive 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Nominal Categories dag Daga 2 'We' the same as 'I' -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 3 No inclusive/exclusive -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories dio Diola-Fogny 5 Inclusive/exclusive 13.0 -16.25 Jola Niger-Congo Nominal Categories dre Drehu 1 No person marking -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories eka Ekari 3 No inclusive/exclusive -3.83333333333 135.5 Paniai Lakes Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories eng English 2 'We' the same as 'I' 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Nominal Categories epe Epena Pedee 1 No person marking 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Nominal Categories eve Evenki 5 Inclusive/exclusive 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Nominal Categories ewe Ewe 1 No person marking 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Nominal Categories fij Fijian 1 No person marking -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories fin Finnish 3 No inclusive/exclusive 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Nominal Categories fre French 3 No inclusive/exclusive 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Nominal Categories fur Fur 3 No inclusive/exclusive 13.5 25.0 Fur Fur Nominal Categories gar Garo 1 No person marking 25.6666666667 90.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories geo Georgian 2 'We' the same as 'I' 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Nominal Categories ger German 3 No inclusive/exclusive 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Nominal Categories goo Gooniyandi 5 Inclusive/exclusive -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Nominal Categories grb Grebo 1 No person marking 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Nominal Categories grk Greek (Modern) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Nominal Categories grw Greenlandic (West) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Nominal Categories gua Guaraní 5 Inclusive/exclusive -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Nominal Categories hai Haida 1 No person marking 53.0 -132.0 Haida Haida Nominal Categories ham Hamtai 3 No inclusive/exclusive -7.5 146.25 Nuclear Angan Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories hau Hausa 1 No person marking 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories heb Hebrew (Modern) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories hin Hindi 1 No person marking 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Nominal Categories hix Hixkaryana 5 Inclusive/exclusive -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Nominal Categories hmo Hmong Njua 1 No person marking 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Nominal Categories hum Huitoto (Murui) 3 No inclusive/exclusive -1.0 -73.5 Witoto Witotoan Nominal Categories hun Hungarian 3 No inclusive/exclusive 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Nominal Categories hzb Hunzib 1 No person marking 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Nominal Categories igb Igbo 1 No person marking 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Nominal Categories ika Ika 3 No inclusive/exclusive 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Nominal Categories imo Imonda 1 No person marking -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Nominal Categories ind Indonesian 1 No person marking 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Nominal Categories ing Ingush 1 No person marking 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Nominal Categories irq Iraqw 3 No inclusive/exclusive -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories iri Irish 3 No inclusive/exclusive 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Nominal Categories jak Jakaltek 3 No inclusive/exclusive 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Nominal Categories jpn Japanese 1 No person marking 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Nominal Categories juh Ju|'hoan 1 No person marking -19.0 21.0 Ju-Kung Kxa Nominal Categories knd Kannada 3 No inclusive/exclusive 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Nominal Categories knr Kanuri 3 No inclusive/exclusive 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Nominal Categories krk Karok 3 No inclusive/exclusive 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Nominal Categories kyl Kayah Li (Eastern) 1 No person marking 19.0 97.5 Karen Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories kay Kayardild 1 No person marking -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Nominal Categories ker Kera 1 No person marking 9.83333333333 15.0833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories ket Ket 3 No inclusive/exclusive 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Nominal Categories kew Kewa 3 No inclusive/exclusive -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories kha Khalkha 1 No person marking 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Nominal Categories khs Khasi 1 No person marking 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories khm Khmer 1 No person marking 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories kmu Khmu' 1 No person marking 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories klv Kilivila 5 Inclusive/exclusive -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories kio Kiowa 5 Inclusive/exclusive 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Nominal Categories krb Kiribati 1 No person marking 1.33333333333 173.0 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories koa Koasati 3 No inclusive/exclusive 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Nominal Categories kob Kobon 3 No inclusive/exclusive -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories kon Kongo 3 No inclusive/exclusive -5.0 15.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories kor Korean 1 No person marking 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Nominal Categories kfe Koromfe 1 No person marking 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Nominal Categories kse Koyraboro Senni 1 No person marking 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Nominal Categories kro Krongo 5 Inclusive/exclusive 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Nominal Categories knm Kunama 5 Inclusive/exclusive 14.5 37.0 Kunama Kunama Nominal Categories kut Kutenai 2 'We' the same as 'I' 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Nominal Categories lad Ladakhi 1 No person marking 34.0 78.0 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories lak Lak 3 No inclusive/exclusive 42.1666666667 47.1666666667 Lak Nakh-Daghestanian Nominal Categories lkt Lakhota 3 No inclusive/exclusive 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Nominal Categories lan Lango 3 No inclusive/exclusive 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories lat Latvian 3 No inclusive/exclusive 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Nominal Categories lav Lavukaleve 5 Inclusive/exclusive -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Nominal Categories lep Lepcha 1 No person marking 27.1666666667 88.5 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories lez Lezgian 1 No person marking 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Nominal Categories luv Luvale 3 No inclusive/exclusive -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories mab Maba 3 No inclusive/exclusive 13.75 20.8333333333 Maban Maban Nominal Categories mak Makah 3 No inclusive/exclusive 48.3333333333 -124.666666667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Nominal Categories mal Malagasy 1 No person marking -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Nominal Categories mnd Mandarin 1 No person marking 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories myi Mangarrayi 5 Inclusive/exclusive -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Nominal Categories mao Maori 1 No person marking -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories map Mapudungun 3 No inclusive/exclusive -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Nominal Categories mku Maranungku 5 Inclusive/exclusive -13.6666666667 130.0 Wagaydy Western Daly Nominal Categories mar Maricopa 2 'We' the same as 'I' 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Nominal Categories mrd Marind 3 No inclusive/exclusive -7.83333333333 140.166666667 Marind-Yaqay Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories mrt Martuthunira 1 No person marking -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories mau Maung 5 Inclusive/exclusive -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Nominal Categories may Maybrat 3 No inclusive/exclusive -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Nominal Categories mei Meithei 1 No person marking 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 5 Inclusive/exclusive 37.5 -120.0 Miwok Penutian Nominal Categories mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 4 Only inclusive 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Nominal Categories mun Mundari 5 Inclusive/exclusive 23.0 84.6666666667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories mrl Murle 2 'We' the same as 'I' 6.5 33.5 South Surmic Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories kho Nama 1 No person marking -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Nominal Categories nav Navajo 3 No inclusive/exclusive 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Nominal Categories ndy Ndyuka 1 No person marking 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Nominal Categories ntu Nenets 3 No inclusive/exclusive 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Nominal Categories nez Nez Perce 2 'We' the same as 'I' 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Nominal Categories nti Ngiti 4 Only inclusive 1.33333333333 30.25 Lendu Central Sudanic Nominal Categories ngi Ngiyambaa 1 No person marking -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories niv Nivkh 1 No person marking 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Nominal Categories nko Nkore-Kiga 3 No inclusive/exclusive -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 18.25 30.75 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories nug Nunggubuyu 5 Inclusive/exclusive -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Nominal Categories ond Oneida 5 Inclusive/exclusive 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Nominal Categories orh Oromo (Harar) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories oix Otomí (Ixtenco) 2 'We' the same as 'I' 19.0833333333 -97.9166666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Nominal Categories pms Paamese 5 Inclusive/exclusive -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories pai Paiwan 1 No person marking 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Nominal Categories psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 4 Only inclusive 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Nominal Categories pau Paumarí 3 No inclusive/exclusive -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Nominal Categories prs Persian 3 No inclusive/exclusive 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Nominal Categories prh Pirahã 1 No person marking -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Nominal Categories pit Pitjantjatjara 1 No person marking -26.0 130.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories pso Pomo (Southeastern) 1 No person marking 39.0 -122.5 Pomoan Hokan Nominal Categories qaw Qawasqar 1 No person marking -49.0 -75.0 Alacalufan Alacalufan Nominal Categories qim Quechua (Imbabura) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Nominal Categories ram Rama 3 No inclusive/exclusive 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Nominal Categories rap Rapanui 1 No person marking -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories rus Russian 3 No inclusive/exclusive 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Nominal Categories san Sango 1 No person marking 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Nominal Categories snm Sanuma 1 No person marking 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Nominal Categories sel Selknam 1 No person marking -53.0 -70.0 Chonan Proper Chonan Nominal Categories sml Semelai 4 Only inclusive 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories snt Sentani 3 No inclusive/exclusive -2.58333333333 140.583333333 Sentanic Sentanic Nominal Categories shk Shipibo-Konibo 1 No person marking -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Nominal Categories sla Slave 3 No inclusive/exclusive 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Nominal Categories spa Spanish 3 No inclusive/exclusive 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Nominal Categories squ Squamish 3 No inclusive/exclusive 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Nominal Categories sue Suena 5 Inclusive/exclusive -7.75 147.55 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories sup Supyire 1 No person marking 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Nominal Categories swa Swahili 3 No inclusive/exclusive -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories tab Taba 5 Inclusive/exclusive 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Nominal Categories tag Tagalog 1 No person marking 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Nominal Categories tha Thai 1 No person marking 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Nominal Categories tiw Tiwi 5 Inclusive/exclusive -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Nominal Categories tli Tlingit 3 No inclusive/exclusive 59.0 -135.0 Tlingit Na-Dene Nominal Categories tru Trumai 1 No person marking -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Nominal Categories tsi Tsimshian (Coast) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 52.5 -129.0 Tsimshianic Tsimshianic Nominal Categories tuk Tukang Besi 3 No inclusive/exclusive -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Nominal Categories tun Tunica 3 No inclusive/exclusive 32.6666666667 -91.0 Tunica Tunica Nominal Categories tur Turkish 3 No inclusive/exclusive 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Nominal Categories una Una 3 No inclusive/exclusive -4.66666666667 140.0 Mek Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories ung Ungarinjin 5 Inclusive/exclusive -16.3333333333 126.0 Worrorran Worrorran Nominal Categories urk Urubú-Kaapor 3 No inclusive/exclusive -2.33333333333 -46.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Nominal Categories usa Usan 3 No inclusive/exclusive -4.83333333333 145.166666667 North Adelbert Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories vie Vietnamese 1 No person marking 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories wam Wambaya 1 No person marking -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Nominal Categories wra Warao 1 No person marking 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Nominal Categories wrd Wardaman 5 Inclusive/exclusive -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Nominal Categories war Wari' 5 Inclusive/exclusive -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Nominal Categories wic Wichita 4 Only inclusive 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Nominal Categories wch Wichí 2 'We' the same as 'I' -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Nominal Categories yag Yagua 5 Inclusive/exclusive -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Nominal Categories yaq Yaqui 1 No person marking 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories yid Yidiny 1 No person marking -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories yim Yimas 3 No inclusive/exclusive -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Nominal Categories yor Yoruba 1 No person marking 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Nominal Categories yuc Yuchi 5 Inclusive/exclusive 35.75 -86.75 Yuchi Yuchi Nominal Categories yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Nominal Categories ypk Yup'ik (Central) 3 No inclusive/exclusive 59.5 -160.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Nominal Categories yur Yurok 3 No inclusive/exclusive 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Nominal Categories zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 5 Inclusive/exclusive 17.0 -93.25 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Nominal Categories zul Zulu 3 No inclusive/exclusive -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories