Holger Diessel. 2013. Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/42, Accessed on 2026-06-10.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 1 Identical 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Nominal Categories ace Acehnese 1 Identical 5.5 95.5 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Nominal Categories aco Acoma 1 Identical 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Nominal Categories afr Afrikaans 1 Identical -31.0 22.0 Germanic Indo-European Nominal Categories ain Ainu 2 Different stem 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Nominal Categories ala Alamblak 1 Identical -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Nominal Categories aly Alyawarra 1 Identical -22.5 135.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories amb Ambulas 2 Different stem -3.83333333333 143.0 Ndu Sepik Nominal Categories ame Amele 1 Identical -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories any Anywa 2 Different stem 8.0 33.5 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories ao Ao 1 Identical 26.5833333333 94.6666666667 Central Naga Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories apl Apalaí 1 Identical 0.0 -54.0 Cariban Cariban Nominal Categories apu Apurinã 1 Identical -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Nominal Categories abn Arabana 1 Identical -28.25 136.25 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 1 Identical 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories arg Arabic (Gulf) 2 Different stem 26.0 49.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories arp Arapesh (Mountain) 1 Identical -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Nominal Categories amp Arrernte (Mparntwe) 1 Identical -24.0 136.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories bab Babungo 1 Identical 6.11666666667 10.4166666667 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Nominal Categories bad Bade 2 Different stem 12.8333333333 10.5 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories bak Baka (in Cameroon) 2 Different stem 2.58333333333 13.5833333333 Ubangi Niger-Congo Nominal Categories brs Barasano 1 Identical -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Nominal Categories bsq Basque 1 Identical 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Nominal Categories bfg Berber (Figuig) 2 Different stem 32.5 -1.5 Berber Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories bur Burushaski 3 Different inflection 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Nominal Categories bya Byansi 3 Different inflection 30.1666666667 80.5 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories cnl Canela 1 Identical -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Nominal Categories cnt Cantonese 1 Identical 23.0 113.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories cha Chamorro 1 Identical 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Nominal Categories cle Chinantec (Lealao) 3 Different inflection 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Nominal Categories chk Chukchi 1 Identical 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Nominal Categories cmn Comanche 1 Identical 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories cre Cree (Plains) 1 Identical 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Nominal Categories cub Cubeo 1 Identical 1.33333333333 -70.5 Tucanoan Tucanoan Nominal Categories cze Czech 1 Identical 50.0 15.0 Slavic Indo-European Nominal Categories drg Dargwa 1 Identical 42.25 47.4166666667 Dargwic Nakh-Daghestanian Nominal Categories djr Djaru 1 Identical -18.75 128.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories don Dong (Southern) 1 Identical 27.0 109.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Nominal Categories dre Drehu 1 Identical -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories dyi Dyirbal 1 Identical -17.8333333333 145.583333333 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories egn Engenni 1 Identical 5.16666666667 6.38333333333 Edoid Niger-Congo Nominal Categories eng English 1 Identical 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Nominal Categories epe Epena Pedee 3 Different inflection 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Nominal Categories eve Evenki 1 Identical 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Nominal Categories ewo Ewondo 1 Identical 4.0 12.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories fij Fijian 1 Identical -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories fin Finnish 1 Identical 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Nominal Categories fre French 2 Different stem 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Nominal Categories fut Futuna-Aniwa 1 Identical -19.5333333333 170.216666667 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories geo Georgian 3 Different inflection 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Nominal Categories ger German 1 Identical 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Nominal Categories grk Greek (Modern) 1 Identical 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Nominal Categories grw Greenlandic (West) 1 Identical 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Nominal Categories gua Guaraní 2 Different stem -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Nominal Categories guu Guugu Yimidhirr 1 Identical -15.0 144.833333333 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories hlu Halkomelem (Upriver) 2 Different stem 49.25 -121.916666667 Central Salish Salishan Nominal Categories hau Hausa 1 Identical 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories haw Hawaiian 1 Identical 19.5833333333 -155.5 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories heb Hebrew (Modern) 1 Identical 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories hix Hixkaryana 1 Identical -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Nominal Categories hmo Hmong Njua 1 Identical 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Nominal Categories hun Hungarian 1 Identical 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Nominal Categories hzb Hunzib 3 Different inflection 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Nominal Categories imo Imonda 1 Identical -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Nominal Categories ind Indonesian 1 Identical 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Nominal Categories inr Inuktitut (Aivilingmiutut) 1 Identical 63.0 -92.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Nominal Categories irq Iraqw 2 Different stem -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories iri Irish 1 Identical 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Nominal Categories ita Italian 1 Identical 43.0 12.0 Romance Indo-European Nominal Categories jpn Japanese 3 Different inflection 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Nominal Categories kab Kabardian 3 Different inflection 43.5 43.5 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Nominal Categories kbl Kabyle 2 Different stem 36.5 5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories krr Kairiru 1 Identical -3.33333333333 143.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories kam Kambera 1 Identical -9.83333333333 120.166666667 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Nominal Categories knd Kannada 3 Different inflection 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Nominal Categories krg Karanga 1 Identical -20.0 31.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories kas Kashmiri 1 Identical 34.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Nominal Categories kay Kayardild 1 Identical -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Nominal Categories ker Kera 1 Identical 9.83333333333 15.0833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories ket Ket 3 Different inflection 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Nominal Categories kha Khalkha 3 Different inflection 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Nominal Categories khs Khasi 1 Identical 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories klb Kilba 2 Different stem 10.3333333333 13.1666666667 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories klv Kilivila 1 Identical -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories kio Kiowa 1 Identical 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Nominal Categories kis Kisi 1 Identical 8.83333333333 -10.1666666667 Southern Mel Niger-Congo Nominal Categories klm Klamath 1 Identical 42.5 -121.5 Klamath-Modoc Penutian Nominal Categories koa Koasati 1 Identical 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Nominal Categories kob Kobon 1 Identical -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories kok Kokborok 2 Different stem 24.3333333333 92.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories kor Korean 2 Different stem 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Nominal Categories kfe Koromfe 1 Identical 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Nominal Categories kos Kosraean 1 Identical 5.3 163.0 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories kse Koyraboro Senni 1 Identical 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Nominal Categories kro Krongo 1 Identical 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Nominal Categories knm Kunama 2 Different stem 14.5 37.0 Kunama Kunama Nominal Categories kut Kutenai 1 Identical 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Nominal Categories kwm Kwami 1 Identical 10.4166666667 11.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories lkt Lakhota 1 Identical 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Nominal Categories lan Lango 2 Different stem 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories lat Latvian 1 Identical 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Nominal Categories lav Lavukaleve 2 Different stem -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Nominal Categories lez Lezgian 3 Different inflection 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Nominal Categories lim Limbu 3 Different inflection 27.1666666667 87.75 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories lit Lithuanian 1 Identical 55.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Nominal Categories luo Luo 2 Different stem -0.5 34.75 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories mac Macushi 1 Identical 4.0 -60.0 Cariban Cariban Nominal Categories mak Makah 1 Identical 48.3333333333 -124.666666667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Nominal Categories mal Malagasy 1 Identical -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Nominal Categories mym Malayalam 3 Different inflection 10.0 76.5 Dravidian Dravidian Nominal Categories mlt Maltese 1 Identical 35.9166666667 14.4166666667 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories mam Mam 2 Different stem 15.0 -91.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Nominal Categories mnd Mandarin 1 Identical 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories mao Maori 1 Identical -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories map Mapudungun 2 Different stem -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Nominal Categories mhi Marathi 1 Identical 19.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Nominal Categories mrg Margi 2 Different stem 11.0 13.0 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories mar Maricopa 1 Identical 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Nominal Categories msh Marshallese 1 Identical 7.11666666667 171.05 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories mrt Martuthunira 1 Identical -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories mau Maung 1 Identical -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Nominal Categories may Maybrat 1 Identical -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Nominal Categories mei Meithei 1 Identical 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Nominal Categories mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 1 Identical 37.5 -120.0 Miwok Penutian Nominal Categories miy Miya 1 Identical 10.9166666667 9.66666666667 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories moj Mojave 1 Identical 34.6666666667 -114.583333333 Yuman Hokan Nominal Categories mul Mulao 2 Different stem 25.0 108.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Nominal Categories nan Nandi 2 Different stem 0.25 35.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories nav Navajo 1 Identical 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Nominal Categories ndy Ndyuka 2 Different stem 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Nominal Categories nez Nez Perce 1 Identical 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Nominal Categories ngl Ngalakan 1 Identical -14.25 134.0 Eastern Gunwinyguan Gunwinyguan Nominal Categories nti Ngiti 1 Identical 1.33333333333 30.25 Lendu Central Sudanic Nominal Categories ngi Ngiyambaa 1 Identical -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories ngz Ngizim 2 Different stem 12.0833333333 10.9166666667 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories niv Nivkh 3 Different inflection 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Nominal Categories nko Nkore-Kiga 1 Identical -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories nku Nubian (Kunuz) 1 Identical 23.0 33.0 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories nun Nung (in Vietnam) 1 Identical 21.9166666667 106.416666667 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Nominal Categories nug Nunggubuyu 1 Identical -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Nominal Categories ond Oneida 1 Identical 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Nominal Categories orh Oromo (Harar) 1 Identical 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories pkn Paakantyi 1 Identical -32.5 142.5 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories put Paiute (Southern) 1 Identical 37.8333333333 -113.333333333 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories pai Paiwan 1 Identical 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Nominal Categories pnn Pangasinan 2 Different stem 15.9166666667 120.333333333 Northern Luzon Austronesian Nominal Categories pan Panjabi 1 Identical 31.0 74.0 Indic Indo-European Nominal Categories psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 1 Identical 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Nominal Categories pau Paumarí 1 Identical -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Nominal Categories prs Persian 3 Different inflection 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Nominal Categories pip Pipil 1 Identical 13.8333333333 -89.5833333333 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories prh Pirahã 1 Identical -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Nominal Categories poh Pohnpeian 2 Different stem 6.88333333333 158.25 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories qhu Quechua (Huallaga) 1 Identical -9.5 -75.5 Quechuan Quechuan Nominal Categories rap Rapanui 1 Identical -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories ret Retuarã 1 Identical -0.5 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Nominal Categories rus Russian 1 Identical 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Nominal Categories sam Samoan 1 Identical -13.9166666667 -171.833333333 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories sml Semelai 1 Identical 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Nominal Categories sla Slave 1 Identical 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Nominal Categories so So 2 Different stem 2.58333333333 34.75 Kuliak Eastern Sudanic Nominal Categories som Somali 3 Different inflection 3.0 45.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories spa Spanish 1 Identical 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Nominal Categories sup Supyire 1 Identical 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Nominal Categories swa Swahili 1 Identical -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Nominal Categories swe Swedish 1 Identical 60.0 15.0 Germanic Indo-European Nominal Categories tag Tagalog 1 Identical 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Nominal Categories tml Tamil 3 Different inflection 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Nominal Categories tas Tashlhiyt 2 Different stem 31.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories tau Tauya 3 Different inflection -5.75 145.333333333 Rai Coast Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories tiw Tiwi 1 Identical -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Nominal Categories tng Tongan 2 Different stem -21.1666666667 -175.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories tru Trumai 1 Identical -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Nominal Categories tuk Tukang Besi 1 Identical -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Nominal Categories tur Turkish 3 Different inflection 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Nominal Categories tus Tuscarora 1 Identical 36.0 -77.5 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Nominal Categories tvl Tuvaluan 1 Identical -8.5 179.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Nominal Categories tzu Tzutujil 1 Identical 14.6666666667 -91.3333333333 Mayan Mayan Nominal Categories tsh Tümpisa Shoshone 1 Identical 37.0 -117.0 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories udh Udihe 3 Different inflection 47.6666666667 136.25 Tungusic Altaic Nominal Categories urd Urdu 1 Identical 25.0 67.0 Indic Indo-European Nominal Categories uri Urim 1 Identical -3.58333333333 142.666666667 Urim Torricelli Nominal Categories urk Urubú-Kaapor 1 Identical -2.33333333333 -46.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Nominal Categories ute Ute 1 Identical 39.0 -109.0 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Nominal Categories wam Wambaya 1 Identical -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Nominal Categories wra Warao 2 Different stem 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Nominal Categories wrd Wardaman 1 Identical -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Nominal Categories wrk Warekena 1 Identical 1.5 -67.5 Alto-Orinoco Arawakan Nominal Categories war Wari' 2 Different stem -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Nominal Categories wrg Warrgamay 1 Identical -18.5833333333 146.083333333 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories wat Watjarri 1 Identical -26.0 117.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories wel Welsh 2 Different stem 52.0 -3.0 Celtic Indo-European Nominal Categories wic Wichita 1 Identical 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Nominal Categories wly Wolaytta 2 Different stem 6.83333333333 37.75 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Nominal Categories ygr Yagaria 2 Different stem -6.33333333333 145.416666667 Siane-Yagaria Trans-New Guinea Nominal Categories yag Yagua 1 Identical -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Nominal Categories ynk Yankuntjatjara 1 Identical -27.0 132.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Nominal Categories yim Yimas 1 Identical -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Nominal Categories yor Yoruba 1 Identical 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Nominal Categories yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 2 Different stem 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Nominal Categories yus Yupik (Siberian) 1 Identical 65.0 -173.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Nominal Categories