Östen Dahl, Viveka Velupillai. 2013. The Perfect. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/68, Accessed on 2026-06-09.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abi Abipón 4 No perfect -29.0 -61.0 Abipon Guaicuruan Verbal Categories abk Abkhaz 3 Other perfect 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Verbal Categories aco Acoma 4 No perfect 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Verbal Categories afr Afrikaans 2 From 'finish', 'already' -31.0 22.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories ain Ainu 4 No perfect 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Verbal Categories akn Akan 3 Other perfect 6.5 -1.25 Tano Niger-Congo Verbal Categories ala Alamblak 4 No perfect -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Verbal Categories alw Alawa 4 No perfect -15.1666666667 134.25 Mara Mangarrayi-Maran Verbal Categories aly Alyawarra 3 Other perfect -22.5 135.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories ame Amele 2 From 'finish', 'already' -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories amh Amharic 3 Other perfect 10.0 38.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories apu Apurinã 4 No perfect -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Verbal Categories aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 4 No perfect 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories atu Arabic (Tunisian) 4 No perfect 36.75 10.25 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ana Araona 4 No perfect -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories arp Arapesh (Mountain) 4 No perfect -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Verbal Categories arm Armenian (Eastern) 3 Other perfect 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Verbal Categories asm Asmat 3 Other perfect -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Verbal Categories atc Atchin 4 No perfect -16.0 167.333333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories avo Avokaya 4 No perfect 4.66666666667 30.0 Moru-Ma'di Central Sudanic Verbal Categories awp Awa Pit 4 No perfect 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Verbal Categories awn Awngi 3 Other perfect 10.8333333333 36.6666666667 Central Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories aze Azerbaijani 3 Other perfect 40.5 48.5 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories bag Bagirmi 4 No perfect 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Verbal Categories blc Baluchi 3 Other perfect 28.0 62.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories bnj Bandjalang 4 No perfect -28.75 153.0 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories brs Barasano 4 No perfect -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Verbal Categories bar Bari 3 Other perfect 5.0 31.6666666667 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories bsq Basque 3 Other perfect 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Verbal Categories bej Beja 3 Other perfect 18.0 36.0 Beja Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ben Bengali 3 Other perfect 24.0 90.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 4 No perfect 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories bon Bongu 2 From 'finish', 'already' -5.5 145.916666667 Rai Coast Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories brh Brahui 3 Other perfect 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories bul Bulgarian 3 Other perfect 42.5 25.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories bui Buli (in Indonesia) 2 From 'finish', 'already' 1.0 128.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Verbal Categories but Buriat 3 Other perfect 52.0 108.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories brm Burmese 2 From 'finish', 'already' 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories bur Burushaski 3 Other perfect 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Verbal Categories cnl Canela 4 No perfect -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Verbal Categories cnt Cantonese 3 Other perfect 23.0 113.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories ceb Cebuano 4 No perfect 10.0 124.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Verbal Categories cha Chamorro 4 No perfect 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Verbal Categories cpn Chepang 3 Other perfect 27.6666666667 84.75 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories cyn Cheyenne 4 No perfect 47.0 -95.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories cpl Chinantec (Palantla) 3 Other perfect 18.8333333333 -96.75 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories chk Chukchi 4 No perfect 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Verbal Categories cuu Chuukese 4 No perfect 7.33333333333 151.75 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories cbo Chácobo 4 No perfect -12.1666666667 -66.75 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories coc Cocama 3 Other perfect -5.0 -74.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Verbal Categories cre Cree (Plains) 4 No perfect 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories dag Daga 4 No perfect -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 4 No perfect -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories did Didinga 4 No perfect 4.5 33.5 South Surmic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories dio Diola-Fogny 4 No perfect 13.0 -16.25 Jola Niger-Congo Verbal Categories egn Engenni 2 From 'finish', 'already' 5.16666666667 6.38333333333 Edoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories eng English 1 From possessive 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories eve Evenki 3 Other perfect 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories ewe Ewe 4 No perfect 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Verbal Categories fij Fijian 2 From 'finish', 'already' -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories fin Finnish 3 Other perfect 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories fre French 1 From possessive 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories grf Garífuna 3 Other perfect 15.6666666667 -88.0 Antillean Arawakan Arawakan Verbal Categories geo Georgian 4 No perfect 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Verbal Categories ger German 1 From possessive 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories goo Gooniyandi 4 No perfect -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Verbal Categories grb Grebo 3 Other perfect 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Verbal Categories grk Greek (Modern) 1 From possessive 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Verbal Categories grw Greenlandic (West) 4 No perfect 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories gua Guaraní 4 No perfect -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Verbal Categories gug Gugada 4 No perfect -30.0 134.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories hal Halia 4 No perfect -5.25 154.666666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories hau Hausa 4 No perfect 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories haw Hawaiian 4 No perfect 19.5833333333 -155.5 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories hwc Hawaiian Creole 4 No perfect 21.5 -158.0 Creoles and Pidgins other Verbal Categories heb Hebrew (Modern) 4 No perfect 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories hin Hindi 3 Other perfect 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories hix Hixkaryana 4 No perfect -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories hmo Hmong Njua 4 No perfect 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Verbal Categories hun Hungarian 4 No perfect 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Verbal Categories ice Icelandic 1 From possessive 65.0 -17.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories imo Imonda 3 Other perfect -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Verbal Categories ind Indonesian 2 From 'finish', 'already' 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories ins Inuktitut (Salluit) 2 From 'finish', 'already' 62.0 -76.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories ise Isekiri 2 From 'finish', 'already' 5.66666666667 5.5 Defoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories jak Jakaltek 4 No perfect 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories jpn Japanese 4 No perfect 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Verbal Categories jav Javanese 2 From 'finish', 'already' -7.0 111.0 Javanese Austronesian Verbal Categories jiv Jivaro 3 Other perfect -2.5 -78.0 Jivaroan Jivaroan Verbal Categories juh Ju|'hoan 4 No perfect -19.0 21.0 Ju-Kung Kxa Verbal Categories knk Kanakuru 4 No perfect 10.0 12.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories knd Kannada 3 Other perfect 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories knr Kanuri 3 Other perfect 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Verbal Categories krk Karok 3 Other perfect 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Verbal Categories kay Kayardild 4 No perfect -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Verbal Categories ket Ket 4 No perfect 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Verbal Categories kew Kewa 3 Other perfect -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories kha Khalkha 3 Other perfect 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories khm Khmer 2 From 'finish', 'already' 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories kmu Khmu' 2 From 'finish', 'already' 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories kik Kikuyu 3 Other perfect -0.75 36.75 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kio Kiowa 4 No perfect 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Verbal Categories koa Koasati 4 No perfect 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Verbal Categories kor Korean 4 No perfect 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Verbal Categories kse Koyraboro Senni 4 No perfect 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Verbal Categories kfc Kriol (Fitzroy Crossing) 4 No perfect -18.1666666667 125.583333333 Creoles and Pidgins other Verbal Categories kro Krongo 3 Other perfect 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Verbal Categories kui Kui (in India) 3 Other perfect 20.0 83.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories kya Kuku-Yalanji 4 No perfect -16.0 145.0 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories kji Kurmanji 4 No perfect 38.0 42.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories kut Kutenai 4 No perfect 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Verbal Categories lah Lahu 3 Other perfect 20.0 98.1666666667 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lai Lai 3 Other perfect 22.6666666667 93.6666666667 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lkt Lakhota 4 No perfect 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Verbal Categories lan Lango 4 No perfect 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories lao Lao 2 From 'finish', 'already' 18.0 103.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories lat Latvian 3 Other perfect 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Verbal Categories lav Lavukaleve 4 No perfect -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Verbal Categories lez Lezgian 3 Other perfect 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories lda Luganda 3 Other perfect 0.5 32.1666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories luv Luvale 3 Other perfect -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mne Maidu (Northeast) 3 Other perfect 40.0 -120.666666667 Maiduan Penutian Verbal Categories mai Maithili 3 Other perfect 26.0 86.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories mak Makah 4 No perfect 48.3333333333 -124.666666667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Verbal Categories mal Malagasy 4 No perfect -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Verbal Categories mlt Maltese 4 No perfect 35.9166666667 14.4166666667 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mnd Mandarin 4 No perfect 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories myi Mangarrayi 4 No perfect -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Verbal Categories man Mano 3 Other perfect 7.0 -9.0 Eastern Mande Mande Verbal Categories mao Maori 3 Other perfect -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories map Mapudungun 4 No perfect -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Verbal Categories mrg Margi 3 Other perfect 11.0 13.0 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mar Maricopa 4 No perfect 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Verbal Categories mrt Martuthunira 4 No perfect -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories mau Maung 4 No perfect -11.9166666667 133.5 Iwaidjan Iwaidjan Verbal Categories may Maybrat 4 No perfect -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Verbal Categories mei Meithei 2 From 'finish', 'already' 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 4 No perfect 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories mtg Montagnais 3 Other perfect 52.0 -65.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories mtu Motu 3 Other perfect -9.33333333333 147.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories mwe Mwera 3 Other perfect -9.0 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories nak Nakanai 3 Other perfect -5.58333333333 150.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories kho Nama 3 Other perfect -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Verbal Categories ntu Nenets 4 No perfect 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Verbal Categories ngm Ngambay 4 No perfect 8.66666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Verbal Categories ngi Ngiyambaa 4 No perfect -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories nbr Ngäbere 3 Other perfect 8.66666666667 -82.0 Guaymiic Chibchan Verbal Categories nca Nicobarese (Car) 4 No perfect 9.0 93.0 Nicobarese Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories nim Nimboran 4 No perfect -2.5 140.166666667 Nimboran Nimboran Verbal Categories niv Nivkh 4 No perfect 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Verbal Categories ood O'odham 3 Other perfect 32.0 -112.0 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories ond Oneida 4 No perfect 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Verbal Categories ono Ono 4 No perfect -6.16666666667 147.583333333 Huon Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories orh Oromo (Harar) 3 Other perfect 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories pai Paiwan 3 Other perfect 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Verbal Categories plg Palaung 3 Other perfect 22.6666666667 96.6666666667 Palaungic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories pnn Pangasinan 4 No perfect 15.9166666667 120.333333333 Northern Luzon Austronesian Verbal Categories pan Panjabi 3 Other perfect 31.0 74.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories prs Persian 4 No perfect 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories prh Pirahã 4 No perfect -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Verbal Categories por Portuguese 4 No perfect 39.0 -8.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories bng Qaqet 3 Other perfect -4.58333333333 152.0 Baining Baining Verbal Categories qco Quechua (Cochabamba) 4 No perfect -17.5 -66.0 Quechuan Quechuan Verbal Categories qim Quechua (Imbabura) 4 No perfect 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Verbal Categories ram Rama 3 Other perfect 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Verbal Categories rap Rapanui 3 Other perfect -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories raw Rawang 3 Other perfect 27.5 97.5 Nungish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories ren Rendille 4 No perfect 2.0 37.5 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories rom Romanian 4 No perfect 46.0 25.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories ruk Rukai (Tanan) 3 Other perfect 22.8333333333 120.833333333 Rukai Austronesian Verbal Categories rus Russian 4 No perfect 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories san Sango 4 No perfect 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories snm Sanuma 4 No perfect 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Verbal Categories sml Semelai 2 From 'finish', 'already' 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories snc Seneca 4 No perfect 42.5 -77.5 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Verbal Categories ses Sesotho 3 Other perfect -28.0 27.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories shu Shuswap 4 No perfect 52.0 -120.0 Interior Salish Salishan Verbal Categories sla Slave 3 Other perfect 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories som Somali 4 No perfect 3.0 45.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories spa Spanish 1 From possessive 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories sue Suena 4 No perfect -7.75 147.55 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories sun Sundanese 2 From 'finish', 'already' -7.0 107.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories sup Supyire 3 Other perfect 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Verbal Categories swa Swahili 3 Other perfect -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories swe Swedish 1 From possessive 60.0 15.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories tag Tagalog 4 No perfect 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Verbal Categories tah Tahitian 3 Other perfect -17.6666666667 -149.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories tml Tamil 3 Other perfect 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories tga Tangga 4 No perfect -3.46666666667 153.2 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories tem Tem 3 Other perfect 8.66666666667 0.5 Grusi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories tne Temne 2 From 'finish', 'already' 8.66666666667 -13.0833333333 Northern Mel Niger-Congo Verbal Categories tny Tenyer 2 From 'finish', 'already' 10.6666666667 -4.5 Senufo Niger-Congo Verbal Categories tha Thai 2 From 'finish', 'already' 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories tig Tigrinya 4 No perfect 14.5 38.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories tgr Tigré 3 Other perfect 16.5 38.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories tiw Tiwi 4 No perfect -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Verbal Categories toj Tojolabal 3 Other perfect 16.3333333333 -91.5 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories tpi Tok Pisin 4 No perfect -9.5 147.166666667 Creoles and Pidgins other Verbal Categories tug Tuareg (Ahaggar) 4 No perfect 23.0 6.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories tuc Tucano 3 Other perfect 0.5 -69.1666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Verbal Categories tuk Tukang Besi 4 No perfect -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories tur Turkish 4 No perfect 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories udm Udmurt 3 Other perfect 57.5 52.5 Permic Uralic Verbal Categories uyg Uyghur 3 Other perfect 40.0 80.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories vie Vietnamese 3 Other perfect 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories wra Warao 4 No perfect 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Verbal Categories war Wari' 4 No perfect -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Verbal Categories wic Wichita 4 No perfect 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Verbal Categories wch Wichí 4 No perfect -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Verbal Categories wly Wolaytta 4 No perfect 6.83333333333 37.75 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories wlf Wolof 3 Other perfect 15.25 -16.0 Wolof Niger-Congo Verbal Categories wor Worora 4 No perfect -15.6666666667 124.666666667 Worrorran Worrorran Verbal Categories ygr Yagaria 3 Other perfect -6.33333333333 145.416666667 Siane-Yagaria Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories yag Yagua 4 No perfect -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Verbal Categories yaq Yaqui 4 No perfect 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories yes Yessan-Mayo 4 No perfect -4.16666666667 142.583333333 Tama Sepik Sepik Verbal Categories yor Yoruba 2 From 'finish', 'already' 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories yct Yucatec 4 No perfect 20.0 -89.0 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 4 No perfect 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Verbal Categories zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 3 Other perfect 17.0 -93.25 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Verbal Categories zul Zulu 3 Other perfect -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories zun Zuni 4 No perfect 35.0833333333 -108.833333333 Zuni Zuni Verbal Categories