Johan van der Auwera, Nina Dobrushina, Valentin Goussev. 2013. Imperative-Hortative Systems. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/72, Accessed on 2026-06-12.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 4 Neither type of system 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Verbal Categories acu Achuar 1 Maximal system -2.66667 -76.0 Jivaroan Jivaroan Verbal Categories aco Acoma 4 Neither type of system 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Verbal Categories ain Ainu 4 Neither type of system 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Verbal Categories ala Alamblak 1 Maximal system -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Verbal Categories alb Albanian 1 Maximal system 41.0 20.0 Albanian Indo-European Verbal Categories aea Aleut (Eastern) 1 Maximal system 54.75 -164.0 Aleut Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories ame Amele 1 Maximal system -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories amh Amharic 4 Neither type of system 10.0 38.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories anu Anufo 2 Minimal system 10.0833333333 0.25 Tano Niger-Congo Verbal Categories apl Apalaí 4 Neither type of system 0.0 -54.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories apu Apurinã 4 Neither type of system -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Verbal Categories aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 4 Neither type of system 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories amr Arabic (Moroccan) 4 Neither type of system 34.0 -6.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories anl Arabic (North Levantine Spoken) 1 Maximal system 33.75 36.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ark Araki 1 Maximal system -15.6666666667 166.916666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories ana Araona 4 Neither type of system -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories arp Arapesh (Mountain) 4 Neither type of system -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Verbal Categories arm Armenian (Eastern) 4 Neither type of system 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Verbal Categories asm Asmat 4 Neither type of system -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Verbal Categories ath Athpare 1 Maximal system 27.0 87.3333333333 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories ava Avar 4 Neither type of system 42.5 46.5 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories awp Awa Pit 4 Neither type of system 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Verbal Categories awn Awngi 1 Maximal system 10.8333333333 36.6666666667 Central Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories aym Aymara (Central) 1 Maximal system -17.0 -69.0 Aymaran Aymaran Verbal Categories ayr Ayoreo 4 Neither type of system -20.25 -59.25 Zamucoan Zamucoan Verbal Categories bag Bagirmi 4 Neither type of system 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Verbal Categories bam Bambara 3 Both types of system 12.5 -7.5 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories brs Barasano 1 Maximal system -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Verbal Categories bsk Bashkir 1 Maximal system 53.0 58.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories bsq Basque 4 Neither type of system 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Verbal Categories bkr Batak (Karo) 1 Maximal system 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Verbal Categories baw Bawm 2 Minimal system 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories bem Bemba 4 Neither type of system -10.0 28.25 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 4 Neither type of system 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ber Berta 4 Neither type of system 10.3333333333 34.6666666667 Berta Berta Verbal Categories bir Birom 3 Both types of system 9.66666666667 8.83333333333 Benue-Congo Plateau Niger-Congo Verbal Categories brr Bororo 4 Neither type of system -16.0 -57.0 Bororoan Bororoan Verbal Categories brh Brahui 4 Neither type of system 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories buk Bukusu 3 Both types of system 0.75 34.6666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories bul Bulgarian 1 Maximal system 42.5 25.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories brm Burmese 4 Neither type of system 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories bur Burushaski 4 Neither type of system 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Verbal Categories cah Cahuilla 4 Neither type of system 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories cak Cakchiquel 1 Maximal system 14.5 -91.0 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories cnl Canela 4 Neither type of system -7.0 -45.0 Je Setentrional Macro-Ge Verbal Categories car Carib 4 Neither type of system 5.5 -56.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories csh Cashinahua 4 Neither type of system -10.5 -71.8333333333 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories ctl Catalan 4 Neither type of system 41.75 2.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories cay Cayapa 4 Neither type of system 0.666666666667 -79.0 Barbacoan Barbacoan Verbal Categories ceb Cebuano 3 Both types of system 10.0 124.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Verbal Categories cld Chaldean (Modern) 4 Neither type of system 36.0 43.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories cha Chamorro 4 Neither type of system 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Verbal Categories cle Chinantec (Lealao) 2 Minimal system 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories crg Chiriguano 4 Neither type of system -23.6666666667 -64.3333333333 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Verbal Categories coi Chortí 4 Neither type of system 14.8333333333 -89.25 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories chr Chrau 4 Neither type of system 10.75 107.5 Bahnaric Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories chk Chukchi 1 Maximal system 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Verbal Categories chv Chuvash 4 Neither type of system 55.5 47.5 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories cmn Comanche 4 Neither type of system 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories coo Coos (Hanis) 2 Minimal system 43.5 -124.166666667 Coosan Oregon Coast Verbal Categories cop Coptic 4 Neither type of system 26.0 32.0 Egyptian-Coptic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories cor Cora 1 Maximal system 22.1666666667 -104.833333333 Corachol Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories cre Cree (Plains) 4 Neither type of system 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories cze Czech 4 Neither type of system 50.0 15.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories dbd Dabida 1 Maximal system -4.0 38.6666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories dag Daga 1 Maximal system -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 1 Maximal system -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories dsh Danish 4 Neither type of system 56.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories die Diegueño (Mesa Grande) 4 Neither type of system 32.6666666667 -116.166666667 Yuman Hokan Verbal Categories dig Digaro 4 Neither type of system 28.4166666667 96.0 Digaroan Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories dio Diola-Fogny 1 Maximal system 13.0 -16.25 Jola Niger-Congo Verbal Categories dre Drehu 4 Neither type of system -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories dut Dutch 4 Neither type of system 52.5 6.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories dyu Dyula 2 Minimal system 9.83333333333 -4.66666666667 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories eka Ekari 4 Neither type of system -3.83333333333 135.5 Paniai Lakes Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories emb Emberá (Northern) 4 Neither type of system 6.83333333333 -77.1666666667 Choco Choco Verbal Categories eng English 4 Neither type of system 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories epe Epena Pedee 4 Neither type of system 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Verbal Categories err Erromangan 4 Neither type of system -18.8333333333 169.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories est Estonian 1 Maximal system 59.0 26.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories evn Even 1 Maximal system 68.0 130.0 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories eve Evenki 1 Maximal system 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories ewe Ewe 4 Neither type of system 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Verbal Categories far Faroese 4 Neither type of system 62.0 -7.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories fij Fijian 3 Both types of system -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories fin Finnish 1 Maximal system 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories fre French 4 Neither type of system 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories fua Fulfulde (Adamawa) 1 Maximal system 9.16666666667 13.5 Peul-Serer Niger-Congo Verbal Categories fur Fur 4 Neither type of system 13.5 25.0 Fur Fur Verbal Categories fye Fyem 4 Neither type of system 9.58333333333 9.33333333333 Benue-Congo Plateau Niger-Congo Verbal Categories gam Gamo 1 Maximal system 6.66666666667 37.25 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories gar Garo 4 Neither type of system 25.6666666667 90.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories gbk Gbaya (Northwest) 1 Maximal system 6.0 15.0 Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka Niger-Congo Verbal Categories geo Georgian 4 Neither type of system 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Verbal Categories ger German 4 Neither type of system 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories goo Gooniyandi 1 Maximal system -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Verbal Categories grb Grebo 2 Minimal system 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Verbal Categories grk Greek (Modern) 1 Maximal system 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Verbal Categories grw Greenlandic (West) 4 Neither type of system 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories gua Guaraní 1 Maximal system -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Verbal Categories gum Gumbaynggir 4 Neither type of system -30.1666666667 152.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories gmz Gumuz 1 Maximal system 12.5 35.8333333333 Gumuz Gumuz Verbal Categories gwa Gwari 2 Minimal system 9.5 7.0 Nupoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories hai Haida 4 Neither type of system 53.0 -132.0 Haida Haida Verbal Categories hlu Halkomelem (Upriver) 4 Neither type of system 49.25 -121.916666667 Central Salish Salishan Verbal Categories ham Hamtai 1 Maximal system -7.5 146.25 Nuclear Angan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories hau Hausa 3 Both types of system 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories haw Hawaiian 1 Maximal system 19.5833333333 -155.5 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories hay Hayu 4 Neither type of system 27.25 86.0 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories heb Hebrew (Modern) 1 Maximal system 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories her Herero 1 Maximal system -20.5833333333 19.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories hin Hindi 4 Neither type of system 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories hix Hixkaryana 1 Maximal system -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories hmd Hmong Daw 4 Neither type of system 26.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Verbal Categories hmo Hmong Njua 4 Neither type of system 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Verbal Categories hum Huitoto (Murui) 4 Neither type of system -1.0 -73.5 Witoto Witotoan Verbal Categories hun Hungarian 1 Maximal system 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Verbal Categories hzb Hunzib 1 Maximal system 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories iaa Iaai 4 Neither type of system -20.4166666667 166.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories ice Icelandic 4 Neither type of system 65.0 -17.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories ido Idoma 2 Minimal system 6.91666666667 7.5 Idomoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories igb Igbo 4 Neither type of system 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories ijo Ijo (Kolokuma) 2 Minimal system 4.91666666667 5.66666666667 Ijoid Ijoid Verbal Categories ika Ika 4 Neither type of system 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Verbal Categories imo Imonda 4 Neither type of system -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Verbal Categories ind Indonesian 4 Neither type of system 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories ing Ingush 1 Maximal system 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories iqu Iquito 2 Minimal system -3.25 -74.0 Zaparoan Zaparoan Verbal Categories irq Iraqw 1 Maximal system -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories iri Irish 1 Maximal system 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Verbal Categories ita Italian 4 Neither type of system 43.0 12.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories jak Jakaltek 1 Maximal system 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories jpn Japanese 4 Neither type of system 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Verbal Categories jaq Jaqaru 1 Maximal system -13.0 -76.0 Aymaran Aymaran Verbal Categories jav Javanese 4 Neither type of system -7.0 111.0 Javanese Austronesian Verbal Categories jeb Jebero 1 Maximal system -5.41666666667 -76.5 Cahuapanan Cahuapanan Verbal Categories juh Ju|'hoan 1 Maximal system -19.0 21.0 Ju-Kung Kxa Verbal Categories kek K'ekchí 4 Neither type of system 16.0 -89.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories kgm Kagoma 4 Neither type of system 9.25 8.16666666667 Benue-Congo Plateau Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kmk Kalmyk 1 Maximal system 44.0 83.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories knd Kannada 1 Maximal system 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories knr Kanuri 4 Neither type of system 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Verbal Categories krt Karata 4 Neither type of system 42.5833333333 46.3333333333 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories krk Karok 1 Maximal system 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Verbal Categories ksm Kasem 4 Neither type of system 11.25 -1.25 Grusi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kyl Kayah Li (Eastern) 1 Maximal system 19.0 97.5 Karen Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories kay Kayardild 4 Neither type of system -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Verbal Categories ker Kera 3 Both types of system 9.83333333333 15.0833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories krq Kerek 1 Maximal system 62.25 175.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Verbal Categories ket Ket 4 Neither type of system 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Verbal Categories kte Kete 1 Maximal system -7.0 22.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kew Kewa 4 Neither type of system -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories kha Khalkha 1 Maximal system 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories kmu Khmu' 4 Neither type of system 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories klv Kilivila 1 Maximal system -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories kil Kiluba 1 Maximal system -8.0 26.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kim Kimaghama 1 Maximal system -8.0 138.5 Kolopom Kolopom Verbal Categories kio Kiowa 4 Neither type of system 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Verbal Categories krb Kiribati 4 Neither type of system 1.33333333333 173.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories kiw Kiwai (Southern) 4 Neither type of system -8.0 143.5 Kiwaian Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories klm Klamath 1 Maximal system 42.5 -121.5 Klamath-Modoc Penutian Verbal Categories kow Ko (Winye) 2 Minimal system 11.8666666667 -2.91666666667 Grusi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories koa Koasati 1 Maximal system 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Verbal Categories kob Kobon 1 Maximal system -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories kok Kokborok 4 Neither type of system 24.3333333333 92.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories kon Kongo 1 Maximal system -5.0 15.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kkn Konkani 4 Neither type of system 15.25 74.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories krn Korana 1 Maximal system -29.5 20.5 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Verbal Categories kor Korean 4 Neither type of system 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Verbal Categories kfe Koromfe 3 Both types of system 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kse Koyraboro Senni 3 Both types of system 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Verbal Categories kpe Kpelle 3 Both types of system 7.0 -10.0 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories kro Krongo 1 Maximal system 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Verbal Categories kui Kui (in India) 1 Maximal system 20.0 83.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories knm Kunama 1 Maximal system 14.5 37.0 Kunama Kunama Verbal Categories kmp Kunimaipa 4 Neither type of system -8.0 146.833333333 Core Goilalan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories kut Kutenai 4 Neither type of system 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Verbal Categories kuv Kuvi 4 Neither type of system 18.75 82.6666666667 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories kwa Kwaio 2 Minimal system -8.95 161.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories lad Ladakhi 4 Neither type of system 34.0 78.0 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lno Ladino 4 Neither type of system 40.0 33.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories lak Lak 1 Maximal system 42.1666666667 47.1666666667 Lak Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories lkt Lakhota 4 Neither type of system 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Verbal Categories lan Lango 4 Neither type of system 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories lat Latvian 4 Neither type of system 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Verbal Categories lav Lavukaleve 4 Neither type of system -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Verbal Categories laz Laz 4 Neither type of system 41.5 41.5 Kartvelian Kartvelian Verbal Categories lep Lepcha 1 Maximal system 27.1666666667 88.5 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lez Lezgian 4 Neither type of system 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories lnd Linda 4 Neither type of system 6.5 20.75 Ubangi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories lin Lingala 3 Both types of system 2.0 18.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories lit Lithuanian 4 Neither type of system 55.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Verbal Categories lgt Logoti 1 Maximal system 3.5 30.0 Moru-Ma'di Central Sudanic Verbal Categories loz Lozi 1 Maximal system -17.8333333333 26.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories lug Lugbara 1 Maximal system 3.08333333333 30.9166666667 Moru-Ma'di Central Sudanic Verbal Categories luo Luo 4 Neither type of system -0.5 34.75 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories luv Luvale 1 Maximal system -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mle Maale 4 Neither type of system 6.0 36.9166666667 Ta-Ne-Omotic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mab Maba 4 Neither type of system 13.75 20.8333333333 Maban Maban Verbal Categories mcd Macedonian 1 Maximal system 41.6666666667 21.75 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories mac Macushi 4 Neither type of system 4.0 -60.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories mai Maithili 1 Maximal system 26.0 86.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories mak Makah 4 Neither type of system 48.3333333333 -124.666666667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Verbal Categories mal Malagasy 1 Maximal system -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Verbal Categories mym Malayalam 4 Neither type of system 10.0 76.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories mlt Maltese 4 Neither type of system 35.9166666667 14.4166666667 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mam Mam 4 Neither type of system 15.0 -91.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories mnm Manam 1 Maximal system -4.0 145.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories mnd Mandarin 4 Neither type of system 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories mdk Mandinka 1 Maximal system 13.0 -15.6666666667 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories myi Mangarrayi 4 Neither type of system -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Verbal Categories mkn Mankanya 4 Neither type of system 12.0833333333 -15.9166666667 Manjaku Niger-Congo Verbal Categories man Mano 2 Minimal system 7.0 -9.0 Eastern Mande Mande Verbal Categories mao Maori 1 Maximal system -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories map Mapudungun 4 Neither type of system -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Verbal Categories mku Maranungku 4 Neither type of system -13.6666666667 130.0 Wagaydy Western Daly Verbal Categories mhi Marathi 1 Maximal system 19.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories mrg Margi 1 Maximal system 11.0 13.0 Biu-Mandara Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mme Mari (Meadow) 4 Neither type of system 57.0 48.0 Mari Uralic Verbal Categories mar Maricopa 4 Neither type of system 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Verbal Categories mrd Marind 4 Neither type of system -7.83333333333 140.166666667 Marind-Yaqay Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories mrt Martuthunira 4 Neither type of system -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories msl Masalit 4 Neither type of system 13.3333333333 22.0 Maban Maban Verbal Categories may Maybrat 4 Neither type of system -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Verbal Categories mei Meithei 1 Maximal system 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories mde Mende 3 Both types of system 7.83333333333 -11.5 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories mik Mikir 4 Neither type of system 26.3333333333 93.5 Karbic Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories msg Mising 4 Neither type of system 28.5 94.8333333333 Tani Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 1 Maximal system 37.5 -120.0 Miwok Penutian Verbal Categories mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 4 Neither type of system 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories miy Miya 4 Neither type of system 10.9166666667 9.66666666667 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mok Mokilese 1 Maximal system 6.66666666667 159.75 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories mon Mon 4 Neither type of system 14.8333333333 100.5 Monic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mgo Mongo 1 Maximal system 0.0 21.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories moo Mooré 3 Both types of system 12.8333333333 -1.25 Oti-Volta Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mop Mopan 4 Neither type of system 16.5833333333 -88.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories mro Moro 4 Neither type of system 11.0 30.1666666667 Heiban Kordofanian Verbal Categories mul Mulao 4 Neither type of system 25.0 108.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories mum Mumuye 3 Both types of system 9.0 11.6666666667 Mumuye-Yandang Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mna Muna 4 Neither type of system -5.0 122.5 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories mdg Mundang 4 Neither type of system 9.66666666667 14.5 Mbumic Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mrl Murle 4 Neither type of system 6.5 33.5 South Surmic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories mwe Mwera 1 Maximal system -9.0 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mwo Mwotlap 3 Both types of system -13.5833333333 167.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 1 Maximal system 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories kho Nama 1 Maximal system -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Verbal Categories nan Nandi 1 Maximal system 0.25 35.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories nav Navajo 4 Neither type of system 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories ntu Nenets 1 Maximal system 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Verbal Categories nep Nepali 1 Maximal system 28.0 85.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories nez Nez Perce 1 Maximal system 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Verbal Categories ngl Ngalakan 4 Neither type of system -14.25 134.0 Eastern Gunwinyguan Gunwinyguan Verbal Categories nti Ngiti 1 Maximal system 1.33333333333 30.25 Lendu Central Sudanic Verbal Categories ngi Ngiyambaa 1 Maximal system -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories nca Nicobarese (Car) 1 Maximal system 9.0 93.0 Nicobarese Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories nim Nimboran 4 Neither type of system -2.5 140.166666667 Nimboran Nimboran Verbal Categories niv Nivkh 1 Maximal system 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Verbal Categories nko Nkore-Kiga 3 Both types of system -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories noo Noon 1 Maximal system 14.8333333333 -16.8333333333 Cangin Niger-Congo Verbal Categories nor Norwegian 4 Neither type of system 61.0 8.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories nub Nubi 1 Maximal system 0.666666666667 32.0833333333 Creoles and Pidgins other Verbal Categories nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 4 Neither type of system 18.25 30.75 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories nun Nung (in Vietnam) 4 Neither type of system 21.9166666667 106.416666667 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories nug Nunggubuyu 1 Maximal system -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Verbal Categories nng Nyanga 3 Both types of system -1.25 28.1666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories obo Obolo 4 Neither type of system 4.58333333333 7.83333333333 Lower Cross Niger-Congo Verbal Categories ond Oneida 1 Maximal system 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Verbal Categories ong Onge 4 Neither type of system 10.75 92.4166666667 South Andamanese South Andamanese Verbal Categories orh Oromo (Harar) 4 Neither type of system 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories oss Ossetic 1 Maximal system 43.0 44.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories oix Otomí (Ixtenco) 4 Neither type of system 19.0833333333 -97.9166666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories otm Otomí (Mezquital) 4 Neither type of system 20.1666666667 -99.1666666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories pms Paamese 4 Neither type of system -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories pta Paita 4 Neither type of system -22.0833333333 166.5 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories pai Paiwan 4 Neither type of system 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Verbal Categories pal Palauan 1 Maximal system 7.5 134.583333333 Palauan Austronesian Verbal Categories pnn Pangasinan 1 Maximal system 15.9166666667 120.333333333 Northern Luzon Austronesian Verbal Categories psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 1 Maximal system 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories pau Paumarí 4 Neither type of system -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Verbal Categories pec Pech 4 Neither type of system 15.0 -85.5 Pech Chibchan Verbal Categories prs Persian 2 Minimal system 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories pip Pipil 4 Neither type of system 13.8333333333 -89.5833333333 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories prh Pirahã 1 Maximal system -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Verbal Categories pit Pitjantjatjara 4 Neither type of system -26.0 130.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories ppi Pitta Pitta 4 Neither type of system -22.8333333333 140.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories pol Polish 4 Neither type of system 52.0 20.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories pso Pomo (Southeastern) 4 Neither type of system 39.0 -122.5 Pomoan Hokan Verbal Categories por Portuguese 4 Neither type of system 39.0 -8.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories pur Purépecha 4 Neither type of system 19.5 -101.666666667 Tarascan Tarascan Verbal Categories qim Quechua (Imbabura) 4 Neither type of system 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Verbal Categories ram Rama 2 Minimal system 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Verbal Categories rap Rapanui 1 Maximal system -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories ret Retuarã 1 Maximal system -0.5 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Verbal Categories rav Romani (Ajia Varvara) 1 Maximal system 38.0 23.5833333333 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories rom Romanian 1 Maximal system 46.0 25.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories rus Russian 4 Neither type of system 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories sno Saami (Northern) 1 Maximal system 69.0 24.0 Saami Uralic Verbal Categories sdw Sandawe 4 Neither type of system -5.0 35.0 Sandawe Sandawe Verbal Categories san Sango 3 Both types of system 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories snm Sanuma 4 Neither type of system 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Verbal Categories see Seediq 4 Neither type of system 24.1666666667 121.416666667 Atayalic Austronesian Verbal Categories sml Semelai 4 Neither type of system 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories snt Sentani 1 Maximal system -2.58333333333 140.583333333 Sentanic Sentanic Verbal Categories scr Serbian-Croatian 4 Neither type of system 44.0 19.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories shl Shilluk 4 Neither type of system 9.66666666667 31.75 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories shk Shipibo-Konibo 4 Neither type of system -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories shn Shona 1 Maximal system -18.0 31.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories shu Shuswap 4 Neither type of system 52.0 -120.0 Interior Salish Salishan Verbal Categories snh Sinhala 4 Neither type of system 7.0 80.5 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories sla Slave 1 Maximal system 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories slo Slovene 4 Neither type of system 46.0 15.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories so So 4 Neither type of system 2.58333333333 34.75 Kuliak Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories snn Soninke 2 Minimal system 15.0 -10.5 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories stn Sotho (Northern) 4 Neither type of system -24.0 29.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories spa Spanish 4 Neither type of system 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories squ Squamish 4 Neither type of system 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Verbal Categories sue Suena 4 Neither type of system -7.75 147.55 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories sug Sungor 4 Neither type of system 13.75 21.5 Taman Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories sup Supyire 2 Minimal system 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Verbal Categories sus Susu 3 Both types of system 10.0 -13.0 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories swa Swahili 1 Maximal system -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories swe Swedish 4 Neither type of system 60.0 15.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories tag Tagalog 4 Neither type of system 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Verbal Categories tal Talinga 2 Minimal system 0.416666666667 29.6666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories tnc Tanacross 1 Maximal system 63.5 -143.5 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories tvo Tatar 1 Maximal system 56.0 49.5 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories tem Tem 1 Maximal system 8.66666666667 0.5 Grusi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories tet Tetela 3 Both types of system -4.0 24.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories tha Thai 4 Neither type of system 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories thk Thakali 4 Neither type of system 29.0 83.75 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories tgr Tigré 4 Neither type of system 16.5 38.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories tja Tiipay (Jamul) 4 Neither type of system 32.1666666667 -116.5 Yuman Hokan Verbal Categories tir Tiriyo 4 Neither type of system 3.25 -55.75 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories tiw Tiwi 4 Neither type of system -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Verbal Categories tms Tommo So 4 Neither type of system 15.0 -3.0 Dogon Dogon Verbal Categories tot Totonac (Misantla) 1 Maximal system 19.9166666667 -96.9166666667 Totonacan Totonacan Verbal Categories txj Totonac (Xicotepec de Juárez) 1 Maximal system 20.4166666667 -97.8333333333 Totonacan Totonacan Verbal Categories tsf Tsafiki 4 Neither type of system -1.0 -79.3333333333 Barbacoan Barbacoan Verbal Categories tsa Tsakhur 4 Neither type of system 41.6666666667 47.1666666667 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories tbu Tubu 1 Maximal system 16.0 15.0 Western Saharan Saharan Verbal Categories tuk Tukang Besi 4 Neither type of system -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories tur Turkish 1 Maximal system 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories tzo Tzotzil 1 Maximal system 16.5 -92.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories tzu Tzutujil 1 Maximal system 14.6666666667 -91.3333333333 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories udh Udihe 1 Maximal system 47.6666666667 136.25 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories ukr Ukrainian 4 Neither type of system 49.0 33.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories uma Uma 4 Neither type of system -1.83333333333 120.0 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories url Urak Lawoi' 4 Neither type of system 8.0 98.3333333333 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories urk Urubú-Kaapor 4 Neither type of system -2.33333333333 -46.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Verbal Categories uzb Uzbek 1 Maximal system 39.0 66.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories vag Vagla 2 Minimal system 9.41666666667 -2.41666666667 Grusi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories vai Vai 2 Minimal system 6.91666666667 -11.25 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories vie Vietnamese 4 Neither type of system 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories vot Votic 1 Maximal system 59.5 30.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories wai Wai Wai 1 Maximal system 1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories wrk Warekena 4 Neither type of system 1.5 -67.5 Alto-Orinoco Arawakan Verbal Categories wau Waunana 4 Neither type of system 4.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Verbal Categories wel Welsh 4 Neither type of system 52.0 -3.0 Celtic Indo-European Verbal Categories wch Wichí 4 Neither type of system -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Verbal Categories win Wintu 1 Maximal system 41.0 -122.5 Wintuan Penutian Verbal Categories wlo Wolio 4 Neither type of system -5.5 122.75 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories wlf Wolof 1 Maximal system 15.25 -16.0 Wolof Niger-Congo Verbal Categories yah Yahgan 4 Neither type of system -55.0 -68.0 Yámana Yámana Verbal Categories ykm Yakoma 3 Both types of system 4.41666666667 18.4166666667 Ubangi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories yaq Yaqui 4 Neither type of system 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories yid Yidiny 1 Maximal system -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories yim Yimas 1 Maximal system -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Verbal Categories yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 1 Maximal system 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Verbal Categories ypk Yup'ik (Central) 1 Maximal system 59.5 -160.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories ysi Yupik (Sirenik) 1 Maximal system 64.5 -174.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories yur Yurok 4 Neither type of system 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Verbal Categories zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 4 Neither type of system 17.0 -93.25 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Verbal Categories zul Zulu 1 Maximal system -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories zun Zuni 1 Maximal system 35.0833333333 -108.833333333 Zuni Zuni Verbal Categories