Nina Dobrushina, Johan van der Auwera, Valentin Goussev. 2013. The Optative. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/73, Accessed on 2026-06-10.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abz Abaza 1 Inflectional optative present 44.0 42.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Verbal Categories abk Abkhaz 1 Inflectional optative present 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Verbal Categories aco Acoma 2 Inflectional optative absent 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Verbal Categories adt Adyghe (Temirgoy) 1 Inflectional optative present 45.2166666667 39.7 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Verbal Categories agl Aghul 1 Inflectional optative present 41.75 47.6666666667 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories ain Ainu 2 Inflectional optative absent 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Verbal Categories awk Akwa 2 Inflectional optative absent 0.0 16.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories ala Alamblak 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.66666666667 143.333333333 Sepik Hill Sepik Verbal Categories alb Albanian 1 Inflectional optative present 41.0 20.0 Albanian Indo-European Verbal Categories aso Altai (Southern) 2 Inflectional optative absent 51.0 87.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories alu Alutor 2 Inflectional optative absent 61.0 165.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Verbal Categories ame Amele 2 Inflectional optative absent -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories apl Apalaí 2 Inflectional optative absent 0.0 -54.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories apu Apurinã 2 Inflectional optative absent -9.0 -67.0 Purus Arawakan Verbal Categories aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 2 Inflectional optative absent 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories amr Arabic (Moroccan) 2 Inflectional optative absent 34.0 -6.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ana Araona 2 Inflectional optative absent -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories arp Arapesh (Mountain) 2 Inflectional optative absent -3.46666666667 143.166666667 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Verbal Categories arc Archi 1 Inflectional optative present 42.0 46.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories arm Armenian (Eastern) 2 Inflectional optative absent 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Verbal Categories asm Asmat 2 Inflectional optative absent -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Verbal Categories ava Avar 1 Inflectional optative present 42.5 46.5 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories awp Awa Pit 2 Inflectional optative absent 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Verbal Categories aym Aymara (Central) 1 Inflectional optative present -17.0 -69.0 Aymaran Aymaran Verbal Categories aze Azerbaijani 1 Inflectional optative present 40.5 48.5 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories bag Bagirmi 2 Inflectional optative absent 11.6666666667 16.0 Bongo-Bagirmi Central Sudanic Verbal Categories bgv Bagvalal 1 Inflectional optative present 42.5833333333 46.1666666667 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories bam Bambara 2 Inflectional optative absent 12.5 -7.5 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories brs Barasano 2 Inflectional optative absent -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Verbal Categories bsk Bashkir 2 Inflectional optative absent 53.0 58.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories bsq Basque 2 Inflectional optative absent 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Verbal Categories bkr Batak (Karo) 2 Inflectional optative absent 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Verbal Categories baw Bawm 2 Inflectional optative absent 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories bem Bemba 2 Inflectional optative absent -10.0 28.25 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 2 Inflectional optative absent 33.0 -5.0 Berber Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories bez Bezhta 1 Inflectional optative present 42.0833333333 46.1666666667 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories bir Birom 2 Inflectional optative absent 9.66666666667 8.83333333333 Benue-Congo Plateau Niger-Congo Verbal Categories brh Brahui 2 Inflectional optative absent 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories bul Bulgarian 2 Inflectional optative absent 42.5 25.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories but Buriat 1 Inflectional optative present 52.0 108.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories brm Burmese 2 Inflectional optative absent 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories bur Burushaski 2 Inflectional optative absent 36.5 74.5 Burushaski Burushaski Verbal Categories cah Cahuilla 2 Inflectional optative absent 33.5 -116.25 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories cak Cakchiquel 2 Inflectional optative absent 14.5 -91.0 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories car Carib 2 Inflectional optative absent 5.5 -56.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories csh Cashinahua 2 Inflectional optative absent -10.5 -71.8333333333 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories ceb Cebuano 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.0 124.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Verbal Categories cha Chamorro 2 Inflectional optative absent 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Verbal Categories chc Chechen 1 Inflectional optative present 43.25 45.8333333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories cle Chinantec (Lealao) 1 Inflectional optative present 17.3333333333 -95.9166666667 Chinantecan Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories chr Chrau 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.75 107.5 Bahnaric Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories chk Chukchi 2 Inflectional optative absent 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Verbal Categories chv Chuvash 2 Inflectional optative absent 55.5 47.5 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories cmn Comanche 2 Inflectional optative absent 33.5 -101.5 Northern Uto-Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories coo Coos (Hanis) 2 Inflectional optative absent 43.5 -124.166666667 Coosan Oregon Coast Verbal Categories cre Cree (Plains) 2 Inflectional optative absent 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories dbd Dabida 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.0 38.6666666667 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories dgr Dagur 2 Inflectional optative absent 48.0 124.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories dsh Danish 2 Inflectional optative absent 56.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories drg Dargwa 1 Inflectional optative present 42.25 47.4166666667 Dargwic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories dio Diola-Fogny 2 Inflectional optative absent 13.0 -16.25 Jola Niger-Congo Verbal Categories dre Drehu 2 Inflectional optative absent -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories dmi Dumi 1 Inflectional optative present 27.25 86.6666666667 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories eng English 2 Inflectional optative absent 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories epe Epena Pedee 2 Inflectional optative absent 3.0 -77.0 Choco Choco Verbal Categories est Estonian 2 Inflectional optative absent 59.0 26.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories evn Even 2 Inflectional optative absent 68.0 130.0 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories eve Evenki 1 Inflectional optative present 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories ewe Ewe 2 Inflectional optative absent 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Verbal Categories fij Fijian 2 Inflectional optative absent -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories fin Finnish 2 Inflectional optative absent 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories fre French 2 Inflectional optative absent 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories fur Fur 2 Inflectional optative absent 13.5 25.0 Fur Fur Verbal Categories gar Garo 2 Inflectional optative absent 25.6666666667 90.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories gbk Gbaya (Northwest) 2 Inflectional optative absent 6.0 15.0 Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka Niger-Congo Verbal Categories geo Georgian 1 Inflectional optative present 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Verbal Categories ger German 2 Inflectional optative absent 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories god Godoberi 1 Inflectional optative present 42.6666666667 46.0833333333 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories goo Gooniyandi 2 Inflectional optative absent -18.3333333333 126.333333333 Bunuban Bunuban Verbal Categories grb Grebo 2 Inflectional optative absent 5.0 -8.0 Kru Niger-Congo Verbal Categories grk Greek (Modern) 2 Inflectional optative absent 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Verbal Categories grw Greenlandic (West) 2 Inflectional optative absent 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories gua Guaraní 1 Inflectional optative present -26.0 -56.0 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Verbal Categories guj Gujarati 2 Inflectional optative absent 23.0 72.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories gum Gumbaynggir 2 Inflectional optative absent -30.1666666667 152.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories gwa Gwari 2 Inflectional optative absent 9.5 7.0 Nupoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories hai Haida 2 Inflectional optative absent 53.0 -132.0 Haida Haida Verbal Categories ham Hamtai 2 Inflectional optative absent -7.5 146.25 Nuclear Angan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories hau Hausa 2 Inflectional optative absent 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories hay Hayu 1 Inflectional optative present 27.25 86.0 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories heb Hebrew (Modern) 2 Inflectional optative absent 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories her Herero 2 Inflectional optative absent -20.5833333333 19.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories hin Hindi 2 Inflectional optative absent 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories hix Hixkaryana 2 Inflectional optative absent -1.0 -59.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories hmo Hmong Njua 2 Inflectional optative absent 28.0 105.0 Hmongic Hmong-Mien Verbal Categories hun Hungarian 2 Inflectional optative absent 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Verbal Categories hzb Hunzib 1 Inflectional optative present 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories iaa Iaai 2 Inflectional optative absent -20.4166666667 166.583333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories ice Icelandic 2 Inflectional optative absent 65.0 -17.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories ido Idoma 2 Inflectional optative absent 6.91666666667 7.5 Idomoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories igb Igbo 2 Inflectional optative absent 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories ijo Ijo (Kolokuma) 2 Inflectional optative absent 4.91666666667 5.66666666667 Ijoid Ijoid Verbal Categories ika Ika 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Verbal Categories imo Imonda 2 Inflectional optative absent -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Verbal Categories ind Indonesian 2 Inflectional optative absent 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories ing Ingush 1 Inflectional optative present 43.1666666667 45.0833333333 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories iqu Iquito 2 Inflectional optative absent -3.25 -74.0 Zaparoan Zaparoan Verbal Categories irq Iraqw 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories iri Irish 2 Inflectional optative absent 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Verbal Categories jak Jakaltek 2 Inflectional optative absent 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories jpn Japanese 2 Inflectional optative absent 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Verbal Categories jeb Jebero 1 Inflectional optative present -5.41666666667 -76.5 Cahuapanan Cahuapanan Verbal Categories juh Ju|'hoan 2 Inflectional optative absent -19.0 21.0 Ju-Kung Kxa Verbal Categories kab Kabardian 1 Inflectional optative present 43.5 43.5 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Verbal Categories kmk Kalmyk 2 Inflectional optative absent 44.0 83.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories knd Kannada 2 Inflectional optative absent 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories knr Kanuri 2 Inflectional optative absent 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Verbal Categories krm Karaim 1 Inflectional optative present 54.6666666667 24.9166666667 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories krk Karok 2 Inflectional optative absent 41.6666666667 -123.0 Karok Hokan Verbal Categories kas Kashmiri 2 Inflectional optative absent 34.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories ktz Kati (in Afghanistan) 2 Inflectional optative absent 35.5 70.0 Nuristani Indo-European Verbal Categories kyl Kayah Li (Eastern) 2 Inflectional optative absent 19.0 97.5 Karen Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories kay Kayardild 2 Inflectional optative absent -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Verbal Categories kaz Kazakh 2 Inflectional optative absent 50.0 70.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories ker Kera 2 Inflectional optative absent 9.83333333333 15.0833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ket Ket 2 Inflectional optative absent 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Verbal Categories kte Kete 2 Inflectional optative absent -7.0 22.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kew Kewa 2 Inflectional optative absent -6.5 143.833333333 Enga_Kewa-Huli Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories khk Khakas 2 Inflectional optative absent 53.0 90.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories kha Khalkha 1 Inflectional optative present 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories kty Khanty 2 Inflectional optative absent 65.0 65.0 Ugric Uralic Verbal Categories khm Khmer 2 Inflectional optative absent 12.5 105.0 Khmer Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories kmu Khmu' 2 Inflectional optative absent 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories klv Kilivila 2 Inflectional optative absent -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories kim Kimaghama 2 Inflectional optative absent -8.0 138.5 Kolopom Kolopom Verbal Categories kin Kinyarwanda 2 Inflectional optative absent -2.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kio Kiowa 2 Inflectional optative absent 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Verbal Categories krb Kiribati 2 Inflectional optative absent 1.33333333333 173.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories kis Kisi 2 Inflectional optative absent 8.83333333333 -10.1666666667 Southern Mel Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kiw Kiwai (Southern) 2 Inflectional optative absent -8.0 143.5 Kiwaian Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories koa Koasati 2 Inflectional optative absent 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Verbal Categories kob Kobon 2 Inflectional optative absent -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories kok Kokborok 2 Inflectional optative absent 24.3333333333 92.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories kon Kongo 2 Inflectional optative absent -5.0 15.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories krn Korana 2 Inflectional optative absent -29.5 20.5 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Verbal Categories kor Korean 2 Inflectional optative absent 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Verbal Categories kfe Koromfe 2 Inflectional optative absent 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kry Koryak 2 Inflectional optative absent 61.0 167.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Verbal Categories kse Koyraboro Senni 2 Inflectional optative absent 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Verbal Categories kpe Kpelle 2 Inflectional optative absent 7.0 -10.0 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories kro Krongo 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.5 30.0 Kadugli Kadu Verbal Categories klg Kulung 1 Inflectional optative present 27.5 87.0 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories kuq Kumyk 1 Inflectional optative present 43.0 47.3333333333 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories kmp Kunimaipa 2 Inflectional optative absent -8.0 146.833333333 Core Goilalan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories kji Kurmanji 2 Inflectional optative absent 38.0 42.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories kut Kutenai 2 Inflectional optative absent 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Verbal Categories kwa Kwaio 2 Inflectional optative absent -8.95 161.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories lad Ladakhi 1 Inflectional optative present 34.0 78.0 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lah Lahu 2 Inflectional optative absent 20.0 98.1666666667 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lkt Lakhota 2 Inflectional optative absent 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Verbal Categories lan Lango 2 Inflectional optative absent 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories lat Latvian 2 Inflectional optative absent 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Verbal Categories lav Lavukaleve 2 Inflectional optative absent -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Verbal Categories lep Lepcha 2 Inflectional optative absent 27.1666666667 88.5 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lez Lezgian 1 Inflectional optative present 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories lim Limbu 1 Inflectional optative present 27.1666666667 87.75 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lnd Linda 2 Inflectional optative absent 6.5 20.75 Ubangi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories lin Lingala 2 Inflectional optative absent 2.0 18.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories loz Lozi 2 Inflectional optative absent -17.8333333333 26.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories luo Luo 2 Inflectional optative absent -0.5 34.75 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories luv Luvale 2 Inflectional optative absent -12.0 22.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mab Maba 2 Inflectional optative absent 13.75 20.8333333333 Maban Maban Verbal Categories mac Macushi 2 Inflectional optative absent 4.0 -60.0 Cariban Cariban Verbal Categories mai Maithili 2 Inflectional optative absent 26.0 86.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories mak Makah 2 Inflectional optative absent 48.3333333333 -124.666666667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Verbal Categories mal Malagasy 2 Inflectional optative absent -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Verbal Categories mym Malayalam 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.0 76.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories mam Mam 2 Inflectional optative absent 15.0 -91.8333333333 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories mnm Manam 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.0 145.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories mnd Mandarin 2 Inflectional optative absent 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories mdk Mandinka 2 Inflectional optative absent 13.0 -15.6666666667 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories myi Mangarrayi 2 Inflectional optative absent -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Verbal Categories man Mano 2 Inflectional optative absent 7.0 -9.0 Eastern Mande Mande Verbal Categories mao Maori 2 Inflectional optative absent -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories map Mapudungun 2 Inflectional optative absent -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Verbal Categories mku Maranungku 2 Inflectional optative absent -13.6666666667 130.0 Wagaydy Western Daly Verbal Categories mme Mari (Meadow) 2 Inflectional optative absent 57.0 48.0 Mari Uralic Verbal Categories mar Maricopa 1 Inflectional optative present 33.1666666667 -113.166666667 Yuman Hokan Verbal Categories mrd Marind 1 Inflectional optative present -7.83333333333 140.166666667 Marind-Yaqay Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories mrt Martuthunira 2 Inflectional optative absent -20.8333333333 116.5 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories may Maybrat 2 Inflectional optative absent -1.33333333333 132.5 Maybrat Maybrat Verbal Categories mei Meithei 1 Inflectional optative present 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 2 Inflectional optative absent 37.5 -120.0 Miwok Penutian Verbal Categories mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 2 Inflectional optative absent 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories mok Mokilese 2 Inflectional optative absent 6.66666666667 159.75 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories mon Mon 2 Inflectional optative absent 14.8333333333 100.5 Monic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mgo Mongo 2 Inflectional optative absent 0.0 21.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mop Mopan 2 Inflectional optative absent 16.5833333333 -88.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories mro Moro 2 Inflectional optative absent 11.0 30.1666666667 Heiban Kordofanian Verbal Categories mun Mundari 1 Inflectional optative present 23.0 84.6666666667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories nma Naga (Mao) 2 Inflectional optative absent 25.5 94.3333333333 Angami-Pochuri Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 2 Inflectional optative absent 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories kho Nama 2 Inflectional optative absent -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Verbal Categories nan Nandi 2 Inflectional optative absent 0.25 35.0 Eastern Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories nav Navajo 2 Inflectional optative absent 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories ndy Ndyuka 2 Inflectional optative absent 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Verbal Categories ntu Nenets 2 Inflectional optative absent 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Verbal Categories nep Nepali 1 Inflectional optative present 28.0 85.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories new Newari (Kathmandu) 2 Inflectional optative absent 27.6666666667 85.5 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories nez Nez Perce 2 Inflectional optative absent 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Verbal Categories ngl Ngalakan 2 Inflectional optative absent -14.25 134.0 Eastern Gunwinyguan Gunwinyguan Verbal Categories nga Nganasan 2 Inflectional optative absent 71.0 93.0 Samoyedic Uralic Verbal Categories nti Ngiti 2 Inflectional optative absent 1.33333333333 30.25 Lendu Central Sudanic Verbal Categories ngi Ngiyambaa 2 Inflectional optative absent -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories niu Niuean 2 Inflectional optative absent -19.05 -170.116666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories niv Nivkh 2 Inflectional optative absent 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Verbal Categories nko Nkore-Kiga 2 Inflectional optative absent -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories nog Noghay 1 Inflectional optative present 44.0 46.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories nor Norwegian 2 Inflectional optative absent 61.0 8.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories nbd Nubian (Dongolese) 2 Inflectional optative absent 18.25 30.75 Nubian Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories nun Nung (in Vietnam) 2 Inflectional optative absent 21.9166666667 106.416666667 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories nug Nunggubuyu 2 Inflectional optative absent -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Verbal Categories obo Obolo 2 Inflectional optative absent 4.58333333333 7.83333333333 Lower Cross Niger-Congo Verbal Categories ond Oneida 2 Inflectional optative absent 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Verbal Categories ong Onge 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.75 92.4166666667 South Andamanese South Andamanese Verbal Categories orh Oromo (Harar) 2 Inflectional optative absent 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories oss Ossetic 2 Inflectional optative absent 43.0 44.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories otm Otomí (Mezquital) 2 Inflectional optative absent 20.1666666667 -99.1666666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories pms Paamese 2 Inflectional optative absent -16.5 168.25 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories pta Paita 2 Inflectional optative absent -22.0833333333 166.5 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories pai Paiwan 2 Inflectional optative absent 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Verbal Categories pal Palauan 2 Inflectional optative absent 7.5 134.583333333 Palauan Austronesian Verbal Categories pnn Pangasinan 2 Inflectional optative absent 15.9166666667 120.333333333 Northern Luzon Austronesian Verbal Categories pan Panjabi 2 Inflectional optative absent 31.0 74.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 2 Inflectional optative absent 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories pau Paumarí 2 Inflectional optative absent -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Verbal Categories prs Persian 2 Inflectional optative absent 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories pip Pipil 2 Inflectional optative absent 13.8333333333 -89.5833333333 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories prh Pirahã 2 Inflectional optative absent -7.0 -62.0 Mura Mura Verbal Categories pit Pitjantjatjara 2 Inflectional optative absent -26.0 130.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories ppi Pitta Pitta 2 Inflectional optative absent -22.8333333333 140.0 Central Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories pso Pomo (Southeastern) 1 Inflectional optative present 39.0 -122.5 Pomoan Hokan Verbal Categories pur Purépecha 2 Inflectional optative absent 19.5 -101.666666667 Tarascan Tarascan Verbal Categories qim Quechua (Imbabura) 2 Inflectional optative absent 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Verbal Categories ram Rama 2 Inflectional optative absent 11.75 -83.75 Rama Chibchan Verbal Categories rap Rapanui 2 Inflectional optative absent -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories rav Romani (Ajia Varvara) 2 Inflectional optative absent 38.0 23.5833333333 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories rus Russian 2 Inflectional optative absent 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories rut Rutul 1 Inflectional optative present 41.5 47.4166666667 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories stl Santali 1 Inflectional optative present 24.5 87.0 Munda Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories snm Sanuma 2 Inflectional optative absent 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Verbal Categories see Seediq 2 Inflectional optative absent 24.1666666667 121.416666667 Atayalic Austronesian Verbal Categories sel Selknam 2 Inflectional optative absent -53.0 -70.0 Chonan Proper Chonan Verbal Categories sml Semelai 2 Inflectional optative absent 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories snt Sentani 2 Inflectional optative absent -2.58333333333 140.583333333 Sentanic Sentanic Verbal Categories shl Shilluk 2 Inflectional optative absent 9.66666666667 31.75 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories shk Shipibo-Konibo 2 Inflectional optative absent -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories shn Shona 2 Inflectional optative absent -18.0 31.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories shr Shor 2 Inflectional optative absent 53.0 88.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories shu Shuswap 2 Inflectional optative absent 52.0 -120.0 Interior Salish Salishan Verbal Categories sdh Sindhi 2 Inflectional optative absent 26.0 69.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories sla Slave 2 Inflectional optative absent 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories slo Slovene 2 Inflectional optative absent 46.0 15.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories som Somali 2 Inflectional optative absent 3.0 45.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories snn Soninke 2 Inflectional optative absent 15.0 -10.5 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories spa Spanish 2 Inflectional optative absent 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories squ Squamish 2 Inflectional optative absent 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Verbal Categories sue Suena 2 Inflectional optative absent -7.75 147.55 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories sup Supyire 2 Inflectional optative absent 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Verbal Categories sus Susu 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.0 -13.0 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories swa Swahili 2 Inflectional optative absent -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories swe Swedish 2 Inflectional optative absent 60.0 15.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories tab Taba 2 Inflectional optative absent 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Verbal Categories tag Tagalog 1 Inflectional optative present 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Verbal Categories taz Talysh (Azerbaijan) 1 Inflectional optative present 38.75 48.6666666667 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories tsp Tamil (Spoken) 2 Inflectional optative absent 11.0 78.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories tmi Tatar (Mishar) 2 Inflectional optative absent 55.5 49.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories tel Telugu 2 Inflectional optative absent 16.0 79.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories tha Thai 2 Inflectional optative absent 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories thk Thakali 2 Inflectional optative absent 29.0 83.75 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories tgr Tigré 2 Inflectional optative absent 16.5 38.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories tiw Tiwi 2 Inflectional optative absent -11.5 131.0 Tiwian Tiwian Verbal Categories tms Tommo So 2 Inflectional optative absent 15.0 -3.0 Dogon Dogon Verbal Categories txj Totonac (Xicotepec de Juárez) 2 Inflectional optative absent 20.4166666667 -97.8333333333 Totonacan Totonacan Verbal Categories tru Trumai 2 Inflectional optative absent -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Verbal Categories tsa Tsakhur 1 Inflectional optative present 41.6666666667 47.1666666667 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories tsz Tsez 1 Inflectional optative present 42.25 45.75 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories tbu Tubu 2 Inflectional optative absent 16.0 15.0 Western Saharan Saharan Verbal Categories tuk Tukang Besi 2 Inflectional optative absent -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories tun Tunica 2 Inflectional optative absent 32.6666666667 -91.0 Tunica Tunica Verbal Categories tur Turkish 2 Inflectional optative absent 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories tuv Tuvan 2 Inflectional optative absent 52.0 95.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories tzu Tzutujil 2 Inflectional optative absent 14.6666666667 -91.3333333333 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories udh Udihe 2 Inflectional optative absent 47.6666666667 136.25 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories udm Udmurt 2 Inflectional optative absent 57.5 52.5 Permic Uralic Verbal Categories una Una 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.66666666667 140.0 Mek Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories urd Urdu 2 Inflectional optative absent 25.0 67.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories urk Urubú-Kaapor 2 Inflectional optative absent -2.33333333333 -46.5 Maweti-Guarani Tupian Verbal Categories usa Usan 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.83333333333 145.166666667 North Adelbert Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories vie Vietnamese 2 Inflectional optative absent 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories wam Wambaya 2 Inflectional optative absent -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Verbal Categories wra Warao 2 Inflectional optative absent 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Verbal Categories wrd Wardaman 2 Inflectional optative absent -15.5 131.0 Yangmanic Yangmanic Verbal Categories wrk Warekena 2 Inflectional optative absent 1.5 -67.5 Alto-Orinoco Arawakan Verbal Categories war Wari' 2 Inflectional optative absent -11.3333333333 -65.0 Chapacura-Wanham Chapacura-Wanham Verbal Categories wic Wichita 1 Inflectional optative present 33.3333333333 -97.3333333333 Northern Caddoan Caddoan Verbal Categories wch Wichí 2 Inflectional optative absent -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Verbal Categories win Wintu 1 Inflectional optative present 41.0 -122.5 Wintuan Penutian Verbal Categories yag Yagua 2 Inflectional optative absent -3.5 -72.0 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Verbal Categories ykt Yakut 2 Inflectional optative absent 62.0 130.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories yaq Yaqui 2 Inflectional optative absent 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories yid Yidiny 2 Inflectional optative absent -17.0 145.75 Northern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories yim Yimas 2 Inflectional optative absent -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Verbal Categories yor Yoruba 2 Inflectional optative absent 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 2 Inflectional optative absent 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Verbal Categories yur Yurok 2 Inflectional optative absent 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Verbal Categories zul Zulu 2 Inflectional optative absent -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories zun Zuni 1 Inflectional optative present 35.0833333333 -108.833333333 Zuni Zuni Verbal Categories