Johan van der Auwera, Andreas Ammann. 2013. Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/76, Accessed on 2026-06-11.) wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area abk Abkhaz 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 43.0833333333 41.0 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Verbal Categories ace Acehnese 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 5.5 95.5 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories aco Acoma 3 No overlap 34.9166666667 -107.583333333 Keresan Keresan Verbal Categories ain Ainu 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 43.0 143.0 Ainu Ainu Verbal Categories akn Akan 3 No overlap 6.5 -1.25 Tano Niger-Congo Verbal Categories alb Albanian 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 41.0 20.0 Albanian Indo-European Verbal Categories ame Amele 3 No overlap -5.25 145.583333333 Mabuso Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories amh Amharic 3 No overlap 10.0 38.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 30.0 31.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories arg Arabic (Gulf) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 26.0 49.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories amr Arabic (Moroccan) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 34.0 -6.0 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ana Araona 3 No overlap -12.3333333333 -67.75 Tacanan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories arm Armenian (Eastern) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 40.0 45.0 Armenian Indo-European Verbal Categories asm Asmat 3 No overlap -5.5 138.5 Asmat-Kamrau Bay Asmat-Kamrau Bay Verbal Categories awp Awa Pit 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 1.5 -78.25 Barbacoan Barbacoan Verbal Categories aym Aymara (Central) 3 No overlap -17.0 -69.0 Aymaran Aymaran Verbal Categories bab Babungo 3 No overlap 6.11666666667 10.4166666667 Wide Grassfields Niger-Congo Verbal Categories bal Balinese 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -8.33333333333 115.25 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories bam Bambara 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 12.5 -7.5 Western Mande Mande Verbal Categories brs Barasano 3 No overlap -0.166666666667 -70.6666666667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Verbal Categories bsq Basque 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 43.0 -3.0 Basque Basque Verbal Categories bkr Batak (Karo) 3 No overlap 3.25 98.25 Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands Austronesian Verbal Categories baw Bawm 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 22.5 92.25 Kuki-Chin Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories brh Brahui 3 No overlap 28.5 67.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories brm Burmese 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 21.0 96.0 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories cnt Cantonese 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 23.0 113.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories ctl Catalan 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 41.75 2.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories cyv Cayuvava 3 No overlap -13.5 -65.5 Cayuvava Cayuvava Verbal Categories cha Chamorro 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 13.45 144.75 Chamorro Austronesian Verbal Categories chk Chukchi 3 No overlap 67.0 -173.0 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Verbal Categories coo Coos (Hanis) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 43.5 -124.166666667 Coosan Oregon Coast Verbal Categories cre Cree (Plains) 3 No overlap 54.0 -110.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories dag Daga 3 No overlap -10.0 149.333333333 Dagan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -4.33333333333 138.833333333 Dani Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories dsh Danish 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 56.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories die Diegueño (Mesa Grande) 3 No overlap 32.6666666667 -116.166666667 Yuman Hokan Verbal Categories dre Drehu 3 No overlap -21.0 167.25 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories dut Dutch 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 52.5 6.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories eka Ekari 3 No overlap -3.83333333333 135.5 Paniai Lakes Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories eng English 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 52.0 0.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories eve Evenki 3 No overlap 56.0 125.0 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories ewe Ewe 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 6.33333333333 0.416666666667 Gbe Niger-Congo Verbal Categories far Faroese 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 62.0 -7.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories fij Fijian 3 No overlap -17.8333333333 178.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories fin Finnish 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 62.0 25.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories fre French 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 48.0 2.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories fua Fulfulde (Adamawa) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 9.16666666667 13.5 Peul-Serer Niger-Congo Verbal Categories fue Futuna (East) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -14.3333333333 -178.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories gar Garo 3 No overlap 25.6666666667 90.5 Brahmaputran Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories geo Georgian 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 42.0 44.0 Kartvelian Kartvelian Verbal Categories ger German 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 52.0 10.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories grk Greek (Modern) 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 39.0 22.0 Greek Indo-European Verbal Categories grw Greenlandic (West) 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 64.0 -51.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories hai Haida 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 53.0 -132.0 Haida Haida Verbal Categories ham Hamtai 3 No overlap -7.5 146.25 Nuclear Angan Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories hau Hausa 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 12.0 7.0 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories haw Hawaiian 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 19.5833333333 -155.5 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories heb Hebrew (Modern) 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 31.5 34.8333333333 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories hin Hindi 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 25.0 77.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories hun Hungarian 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 47.0 20.0 Ugric Uralic Verbal Categories hzb Hunzib 3 No overlap 42.1666666667 46.25 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories ice Icelandic 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 65.0 -17.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories igb Igbo 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 6.0 7.33333333333 Igboid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories ika Ika 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 10.6666666667 -73.75 Arhuacic Chibchan Verbal Categories imo Imonda 3 No overlap -3.33333333333 141.166666667 Border Border Verbal Categories ind Indonesian 3 No overlap 0.0 106.0 Malayo-Sumbawan Austronesian Verbal Categories irq Iraqw 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -4.0 35.5 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories iri Irish 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 53.0 -8.0 Celtic Indo-European Verbal Categories ita Italian 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 43.0 12.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories jak Jakaltek 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 15.6666666667 -91.6666666667 Mayan Mayan Verbal Categories jpn Japanese 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 37.0 140.0 Japanese Japanese Verbal Categories kam Kambera 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -9.83333333333 120.166666667 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Verbal Categories knd Kannada 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 14.0 76.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories knr Kanuri 3 No overlap 12.0 13.0 Western Saharan Saharan Verbal Categories kas Kashmiri 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 34.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories kay Kayardild 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -17.05 139.5 Tangkic Tangkic Verbal Categories ker Kera 3 No overlap 9.83333333333 15.0833333333 East Chadic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories ket Ket 3 No overlap 64.0 87.0 Yeniseian Yeniseian Verbal Categories kha Khalkha 3 No overlap 47.0 105.0 Mongolic Altaic Verbal Categories kty Khanty 3 No overlap 65.0 65.0 Ugric Uralic Verbal Categories khs Khasi 3 No overlap 25.5 92.0 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories kmu Khmu' 3 No overlap 21.0 102.0 Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories klv Kilivila 3 No overlap -8.5 151.083333333 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories kio Kiowa 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 37.0 -99.0 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Verbal Categories koa Koasati 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 34.8333333333 -85.1666666667 Muskogean Muskogean Verbal Categories kob Kobon 3 No overlap -5.16666666667 144.333333333 Kalam-Kobon Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories kol Kolami 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 20.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories kor Korean 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 37.5 128.0 Korean Korean Verbal Categories kfe Koromfe 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 14.25 -0.916666666667 Koromfe Niger-Congo Verbal Categories kse Koyraboro Senni 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 16.0 0.0 Songhay Songhay Verbal Categories kui Kui (in India) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 20.0 83.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories kut Kutenai 3 No overlap 49.5 -116.0 Kutenai Kutenai Verbal Categories lad Ladakhi 3 No overlap 34.0 78.0 Bodic Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lak Lak 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 42.1666666667 47.1666666667 Lak Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories lkt Lakhota 3 No overlap 43.8333333333 -101.833333333 Mississippi Valley Siouan Siouan Verbal Categories lan Lango 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 2.16666666667 33.0 Western Nilotic Eastern Sudanic Verbal Categories lat Latvian 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 57.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Verbal Categories lav Lavukaleve 3 No overlap -9.08333333333 159.2 Lavukaleve Solomons East Papuan Verbal Categories lep Lepcha 3 No overlap 27.1666666667 88.5 Himalayish Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories lez Lezgian 3 No overlap 41.6666666667 47.8333333333 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Verbal Categories lin Lingala 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 2.0 18.5 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories lit Lithuanian 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 55.0 24.0 Baltic Indo-European Verbal Categories mab Maba 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 13.75 20.8333333333 Maban Maban Verbal Categories mcd Macedonian 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 41.6666666667 21.75 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories mai Maithili 3 No overlap 26.0 86.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories mal Malagasy 3 No overlap -20.0 47.0 Barito Austronesian Verbal Categories mym Malayalam 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 10.0 76.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories mlt Maltese 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 35.9166666667 14.4166666667 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mnd Mandarin 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 34.0 110.0 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories myi Mangarrayi 3 No overlap -14.6666666667 133.5 Mangarrayi Mangarrayi-Maran Verbal Categories mns Mansi 3 No overlap 62.0 62.0 Ugric Uralic Verbal Categories mao Maori 3 No overlap -40.0 176.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories map Mapudungun 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -38.0 -72.0 Araucanian Araucanian Verbal Categories mku Maranungku 3 No overlap -13.6666666667 130.0 Wagaydy Western Daly Verbal Categories mhi Marathi 3 No overlap 19.0 76.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories mrd Marind 3 No overlap -7.83333333333 140.166666667 Marind-Yaqay Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories meh Mehri 3 No overlap 17.0 51.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories mei Meithei 3 No overlap 24.75 94.0 Manipuri Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories mie Mien 3 No overlap 25.0 111.0 Mienic Hmong-Mien Verbal Categories mss Miwok (Southern Sierra) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 37.5 -120.0 Miwok Penutian Verbal Categories mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 3 No overlap 17.05 -97.5833333333 Mixtec Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories mok Mokilese 3 No overlap 6.66666666667 159.75 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories mna Muna 3 No overlap -5.0 122.5 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories mdg Mundang 3 No overlap 9.66666666667 14.5 Mbumic Niger-Congo Verbal Categories mun Mundari 3 No overlap 23.0 84.6666666667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories nma Naga (Mao) 3 No overlap 25.5 94.3333333333 Angami-Pochuri Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories ngt Naga (Tangkhul) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 25.0 94.5 Tangkhul-Maring Sino-Tibetan Verbal Categories nht Nahuatl (Tetelcingo) 3 No overlap 19.6666666667 -99.0 Aztecan Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories kho Nama 3 No overlap -25.5 18.0 Khoe-Kwadi Khoe-Kwadi Verbal Categories nav Navajo 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 36.1666666667 -108.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories ndy Ndyuka 3 No overlap 4.5 -54.5 Creoles and Pidgins other Verbal Categories ntu Nenets 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 70.0 76.0 Samoyedic Uralic Verbal Categories nez Nez Perce 3 No overlap 46.0 -116.0 Sahaptian Penutian Verbal Categories ngi Ngiyambaa 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -31.75 145.5 Southeastern Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories niv Nivkh 3 No overlap 53.3333333333 142.0 Nivkh Nivkh Verbal Categories nko Nkore-Kiga 3 No overlap -0.916666666667 29.8333333333 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories nug Nunggubuyu 3 No overlap -13.75 135.666666667 Nunggubuyu Gunwinyguan Verbal Categories ond Oneida 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 43.0 -75.6666666667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Verbal Categories orh Oromo (Harar) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 9.0 42.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories otm Otomí (Mezquital) 3 No overlap 20.1666666667 -99.1666666667 Otomian Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories pai Paiwan 3 No overlap 22.5 120.833333333 Paiwan Austronesian Verbal Categories pan Panjabi 3 No overlap 31.0 74.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 3 No overlap 45.0 -67.0 Algonquian Algic Verbal Categories pau Paumarí 3 No overlap -6.0 -64.0 Arauan Arauan Verbal Categories prs Persian 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 32.0 54.0 Iranian Indo-European Verbal Categories pba Pima Bajo 3 No overlap 29.0 -111.0 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories pit Pitjantjatjara 3 No overlap -26.0 130.0 Western Pama-Nyungan Pama-Nyungan Verbal Categories pol Polish 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 52.0 20.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories pso Pomo (Southeastern) 3 No overlap 39.0 -122.5 Pomoan Hokan Verbal Categories por Portuguese 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 39.0 -8.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories qim Quechua (Imbabura) 3 No overlap 0.333333333333 -78.0 Quechuan Quechuan Verbal Categories rap Rapanui 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -27.1166666667 -109.366666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories rka Romani (Kalderash) 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 45.0 21.0 Indic Indo-European Verbal Categories rom Romanian 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 46.0 25.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories rus Russian 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 56.0 38.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories sno Saami (Northern) 3 No overlap 69.0 24.0 Saami Uralic Verbal Categories smt Sahaptin (Umatilla) 3 No overlap 45.6666666667 -118.5 Sahaptian Penutian Verbal Categories san Sango 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 5.0 18.0 Ubangi Niger-Congo Verbal Categories snm Sanuma 3 No overlap 4.5 -64.6666666667 Yanomam Yanomam Verbal Categories sel Selknam 3 No overlap -53.0 -70.0 Chonan Proper Chonan Verbal Categories sml Semelai 3 No overlap 3.0 103.0 Aslian Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories scr Serbian-Croatian 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 44.0 19.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories shk Shipibo-Konibo 3 No overlap -7.5 -75.0 Panoan Pano-Tacanan Verbal Categories sla Slave 3 No overlap 67.0 -125.0 Athapaskan Na-Dene Verbal Categories slo Slovene 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 46.0 15.0 Slavic Indo-European Verbal Categories som Somali 3 No overlap 3.0 45.0 Lowland East Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories spa Spanish 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 40.0 -4.0 Romance Indo-European Verbal Categories squ Squamish 3 No overlap 49.6666666667 -123.166666667 Central Salish Salishan Verbal Categories sup Supyire 3 No overlap 11.5 -5.58333333333 Senufo Niger-Congo Verbal Categories swa Swahili 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -6.5 39.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories swe Swedish 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 60.0 15.0 Germanic Indo-European Verbal Categories tab Taba 3 No overlap 0.0 127.5 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Verbal Categories tag Tagalog 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 15.0 121.0 Greater Central Philippine Austronesian Verbal Categories tml Tamil 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 11.0 78.5 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories tel Telugu 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 16.0 79.0 Dravidian Dravidian Verbal Categories teo Teop 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -5.66666666667 155.0 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories tha Thai 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 16.0 101.0 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Verbal Categories tgr Tigré 3 No overlap 16.5 38.5 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Verbal Categories tli Tlingit 3 No overlap 59.0 -135.0 Tlingit Na-Dene Verbal Categories tor Toratán 3 No overlap 1.08333333333 124.833333333 Sangiric Austronesian Verbal Categories tru Trumai 3 No overlap -11.9166666667 -53.5833333333 Trumai Trumai Verbal Categories tuk Tukang Besi 3 No overlap -5.5 123.5 Celebic Austronesian Verbal Categories tur Turkish 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 39.0 35.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories tvl Tuvaluan 3 No overlap -8.5 179.166666667 Oceanic Austronesian Verbal Categories tuv Tuvan 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 52.0 95.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories udh Udihe 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 47.6666666667 136.25 Tungusic Altaic Verbal Categories una Una 3 No overlap -4.66666666667 140.0 Mek Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories ung Ungarinjin 3 No overlap -16.3333333333 126.0 Worrorran Worrorran Verbal Categories usa Usan 3 No overlap -4.83333333333 145.166666667 North Adelbert Trans-New Guinea Verbal Categories uzb Uzbek 3 No overlap 39.0 66.0 Turkic Altaic Verbal Categories vie Vietnamese 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 10.5 106.5 Vietic Austro-Asiatic Verbal Categories vot Votic 3 No overlap 59.5 30.0 Finnic Uralic Verbal Categories wam Wambaya 3 No overlap -18.6666666667 135.75 Wambayan Mirndi Verbal Categories wra Warao 3 No overlap 9.33333333333 -61.6666666667 Warao Warao Verbal Categories wel Welsh 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 52.0 -3.0 Celtic Indo-European Verbal Categories wch Wichí 3 No overlap -22.5 -62.5833333333 Matacoan Matacoan Verbal Categories wlf Wolof 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity 15.25 -16.0 Wolof Niger-Congo Verbal Categories yaq Yaqui 3 No overlap 27.5 -110.25 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Verbal Categories yim Yimas 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity -4.66666666667 143.55 Lower Sepik Ramu-Lower Sepik Verbal Categories yor Yoruba 1 Overlap for both possibility and necessity 8.0 4.33333333333 Defoid Niger-Congo Verbal Categories yuc Yuchi 3 No overlap 35.75 -86.75 Yuchi Yuchi Verbal Categories yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 3 No overlap 65.75 150.833333333 Yukaghir Yukaghir Verbal Categories ypk Yup'ik (Central) 3 No overlap 59.5 -160.0 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Verbal Categories yur Yurok 3 No overlap 41.3333333333 -124.0 Yurok Algic Verbal Categories zya Zapotec (Yatzachi) 3 No overlap 17.2 -96.2 Zapotecan Oto-Manguean Verbal Categories zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 3 No overlap 17.0 -93.25 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Verbal Categories zul Zulu 2 Overlap for either possibility or necessity -30.0 30.0 Bantu Niger-Congo Verbal Categories