Maslova, Elena & Nedjalkov, Vladimir P.. 2008. Reciprocal Constructions. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 106. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/106 Accessed on 2009-01-06. wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area ame Amele 1 No reciprocals -5.250 145.583 Madang Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses arp Arapesh 1 No reciprocals -3.467 143.167 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Simple Clauses brm Burmese 1 No reciprocals 21.000 96.000 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses chc Chechen 1 No reciprocals 43.250 45.833 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses gdi Godié 1 No reciprocals 5.417 -5.833 Kru Niger-Congo Simple Clauses kew Kewa 1 No reciprocals -6.500 143.833 Engan Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 1 No reciprocals -4.333 138.833 Dani Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses mam Mam 1 No reciprocals 15.000 -91.833 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses may Maybrat 1 No reciprocals -1.333 132.500 North-Central Bird's Head West Papuan Simple Clauses otm Otomí (Mezquital) 1 No reciprocals 20.167 -99.167 Otomian Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses prh Pirahã 1 No reciprocals -7.000 -62.000 Mura Mura Simple Clauses ram Rama 1 No reciprocals 11.750 -83.750 Rama Chibchan Simple Clauses san Sango 1 No reciprocals 5.000 18.000 Ubangi Niger-Congo Simple Clauses tpc Tepecano 1 No reciprocals 21.750 -104.750 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses wic Wichita 1 No reciprocals 33.333 -97.333 Caddoan Caddoan Simple Clauses yid Yidiny 1 No reciprocals -17.000 145.750 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses abk Abkhaz 2 Distinct from reflexive 43.083 41.000 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses acg Achagua 2 Distinct from reflexive 4.417 -72.250 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses ain Ainu 2 Distinct from reflexive 43.000 143.000 Ainu Ainu Simple Clauses amu Amuesha 2 Distinct from reflexive -10.500 -75.417 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses anc Angas 2 Distinct from reflexive 9.500 9.500 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses apu Apurinã 2 Distinct from reflexive -9.000 -67.000 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses asm Asmat 2 Distinct from reflexive -5.500 138.500 Asmat-Kamoro Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses bag Bagirmi 2 Distinct from reflexive 11.667 16.000 Bongo-Bagirmi Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses bam Bambara 2 Distinct from reflexive 12.500 -7.500 Western Mande Niger-Congo Simple Clauses bsq Basque 2 Distinct from reflexive 43.000 -3.000 Basque Basque Simple Clauses bur Burushaski 2 Distinct from reflexive 36.500 74.500 Burushaski Burushaski Simple Clauses but Buriat 2 Distinct from reflexive 52.000 108.000 Mongolic Altaic Simple Clauses cnt Cantonese 2 Distinct from reflexive 23.000 113.000 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses csh Cashinahua 2 Distinct from reflexive -10.500 -71.833 Panoan Panoan Simple Clauses cha Chamorro 2 Distinct from reflexive 13.450 144.750 Chamorro Austronesian Simple Clauses chk Chukchi 2 Distinct from reflexive 67.000 -173.000 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Simple Clauses cea Cree (Eastern) 2 Distinct from reflexive 51.000 -74.000 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 2 Distinct from reflexive 30.000 31.000 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses eng English 2 Distinct from reflexive 52.000 0.000 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses evn Even 2 Distinct from reflexive 68.000 130.000 Tungusic Altaic Simple Clauses eve Evenki 2 Distinct from reflexive 56.000 125.000 Tungusic Altaic Simple Clauses fij Fijian 2 Distinct from reflexive -17.833 178.000 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses fin Finnish 2 Distinct from reflexive 62.000 25.000 Finnic Uralic Simple Clauses fue Futuna (East) 2 Distinct from reflexive -14.333 -178.167 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses gbb Gbeya Bossangoa 2 Distinct from reflexive 6.667 17.500 Ubangi Niger-Congo Simple Clauses geo Georgian 2 Distinct from reflexive 42.000 44.000 Kartvelian Kartvelian Simple Clauses grb Grebo 2 Distinct from reflexive 5.000 -8.000 Kru Niger-Congo Simple Clauses goa Goajiro 2 Distinct from reflexive 12.000 -72.000 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses gua Guaraní 2 Distinct from reflexive -26.000 -56.000 Tupi-Guaraní Tupian Simple Clauses orh Oromo (Harar) 2 Distinct from reflexive 9.000 42.000 Eastern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses hau Hausa 2 Distinct from reflexive 12.000 7.000 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses hin Hindi 2 Distinct from reflexive 25.000 77.000 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses hmo Hmong Njua 2 Distinct from reflexive 28.000 105.000 Hmong-Mien Hmong-Mien Simple Clauses ign Ignaciano 2 Distinct from reflexive -15.167 -65.417 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses ind Indonesian 2 Distinct from reflexive 0.000 106.000 Sundic Austronesian Simple Clauses ite Itelmen 2 Distinct from reflexive 57.000 157.500 Southern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Simple Clauses jpn Japanese 2 Distinct from reflexive 37.000 140.000 Japanese Japanese Simple Clauses kab Kabardian 2 Distinct from reflexive 43.500 43.500 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses knd Kannada 2 Distinct from reflexive 14.000 76.000 Southern Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses krc Karachay-Balkar 2 Distinct from reflexive 43.500 42.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses jva Javaé 2 Distinct from reflexive -10.000 -50.333 Karajá Macro-Ge Simple Clauses krk Karok 2 Distinct from reflexive 41.667 -123.000 Karok Karok Simple Clauses kyp Kayapó 2 Distinct from reflexive -9.000 -52.000 Ge-Kaingang Macro-Ge Simple Clauses kay Kayardild 2 Distinct from reflexive -17.050 139.500 Tangkic Australian Simple Clauses kha Khalkha 2 Distinct from reflexive 47.000 105.000 Mongolic Altaic Simple Clauses kgz Kirghiz 2 Distinct from reflexive 42.000 75.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses koa Koasati 2 Distinct from reflexive 34.833 -85.167 Muskogean Muskogean Simple Clauses kor Korean 2 Distinct from reflexive 37.500 128.000 Korean Korean Simple Clauses kse Koyraboro Senni 2 Distinct from reflexive 16.000 0.000 Songhay Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses kut Kutenai 2 Distinct from reflexive 49.500 -116.000 Kutenai Kutenai Simple Clauses lkt Lakhota 2 Distinct from reflexive 43.833 -101.833 Siouan Siouan Simple Clauses lrd Lardil 2 Distinct from reflexive -16.500 139.333 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses lye Lyele 2 Distinct from reflexive 12.500 -2.667 Gur Niger-Congo Simple Clauses mne Maidu (Northeast) 2 Distinct from reflexive 40.000 -120.667 Maiduan Penutian Simple Clauses mal Malagasy 2 Distinct from reflexive -20.000 47.000 Borneo Austronesian Simple Clauses mnd Mandarin 2 Distinct from reflexive 34.000 110.000 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses mku Maranungku 2 Distinct from reflexive -13.667 130.000 Western Daly Australian Simple Clauses mrt Martuthunira 2 Distinct from reflexive -20.833 116.500 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses mei Meithei 2 Distinct from reflexive 24.750 94.000 Kuki-Chin-Naga Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses mno Mono (in United States) 2 Distinct from reflexive 38.000 -119.000 Numic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses mun Mundari 2 Distinct from reflexive 23.000 84.667 Munda Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses kho Khoekhoe 2 Distinct from reflexive -25.500 18.000 Central Khoisan Khoisan Simple Clauses nel Nelemwa 2 Distinct from reflexive -20.250 164.083 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses ngi Ngiyambaa 2 Distinct from reflexive -31.750 145.500 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses niv Nivkh 2 Distinct from reflexive 53.333 142.000 Nivkh Nivkh Simple Clauses nko Nkore-Kiga 2 Distinct from reflexive -0.917 29.833 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses nom Nomatsiguenga 2 Distinct from reflexive -11.667 -74.500 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses nug Nunggubuyu 2 Distinct from reflexive -13.750 135.667 Nunggubuyu Australian Simple Clauses ojm Ojibwe (Minnesota) 2 Distinct from reflexive 47.667 -92.500 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses prs Persian 2 Distinct from reflexive 32.000 54.000 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses pir Piro 2 Distinct from reflexive -11.000 -73.000 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses pso Pomo (Southeastern) 2 Distinct from reflexive 39.000 -122.500 Pomoan Hokan Simple Clauses qbo Quechua (Bolivian) 2 Distinct from reflexive -20.000 -66.000 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses qcu Quechua (Cuzco) 2 Distinct from reflexive -14.500 -71.000 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses snm Sanuma 2 Distinct from reflexive 4.500 -64.667 Yanomam Yanomam Simple Clauses sla Slave 2 Distinct from reflexive 67.000 -125.000 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses swa Swahili 2 Distinct from reflexive -6.500 39.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses tag Tagalog 2 Distinct from reflexive 15.000 121.000 Meso-Philippine Austronesian Simple Clauses bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 2 Distinct from reflexive 33.000 -5.000 Berber Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses tml Tamil 2 Distinct from reflexive 11.000 78.500 Southern Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses tce Tarahumara (Central) 2 Distinct from reflexive 27.500 -107.500 Tarahumaran Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses tha Thai 2 Distinct from reflexive 16.000 101.000 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses tiw Tiwi 2 Distinct from reflexive -11.500 131.000 Tiwian Australian Simple Clauses tbb Tübatulabal 2 Distinct from reflexive 36.000 -118.333 Tubatulabal Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses tuc Tucano 2 Distinct from reflexive 0.500 -69.167 Tucanoan Tucanoan Simple Clauses tuk Tukang Besi 2 Distinct from reflexive -5.500 123.500 Sulawesi Austronesian Simple Clauses tur Turkish 2 Distinct from reflexive 39.000 35.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses tuv Tuvan 2 Distinct from reflexive 52.000 95.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses vie Vietnamese 2 Distinct from reflexive 10.500 106.500 Viet-Muong Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses wgu Warrungu 2 Distinct from reflexive -18.000 145.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses wur Waurá 2 Distinct from reflexive -13.000 -53.000 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses win Wintu 2 Distinct from reflexive 41.000 -122.500 Wintuan Penutian Simple Clauses xok Xokleng 2 Distinct from reflexive -24.500 -50.000 Ge-Kaingang Macro-Ge Simple Clauses ygd Yag Dii 2 Distinct from reflexive 8.000 14.000 Adamawa Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ykt Yakut 2 Distinct from reflexive 62.000 130.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses yko Yukaghir (Kolyma) 2 Distinct from reflexive 65.750 150.833 Yukaghir Yukaghir Simple Clauses ytu Yukaghir (Tundra) 2 Distinct from reflexive 69.000 155.000 Yukaghir Yukaghir Simple Clauses yuk Yukulta 2 Distinct from reflexive -17.333 138.833 Tangkic Australian Simple Clauses zul Zulu 2 Distinct from reflexive -30.000 30.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses bul Bulgarian 3 Mixed 42.500 25.000 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses fre French 3 Mixed 48.000 2.000 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses ger German 3 Mixed 52.000 10.000 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses grk Greek (Modern) 3 Mixed 39.000 22.000 Greek Indo-European Simple Clauses heb Hebrew (Modern) 3 Mixed 31.500 34.833 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses hix Hixkaryana 3 Mixed -1.000 -59.000 Cariban Cariban Simple Clauses hop Hopi 3 Mixed 36.000 -110.000 Hopi Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses lit Lithuanian 3 Mixed 55.000 24.000 Baltic Indo-European Simple Clauses pno Paiute (Northern) 3 Mixed 42.000 -118.000 Numic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses ood O'odham 3 Mixed 32.000 -112.000 Tepiman Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses pol Polish 3 Mixed 52.000 20.000 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses qim Quechua (Imbabura) 3 Mixed 0.333 -78.000 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses rus Russian 3 Mixed 56.000 38.000 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses spa Spanish 3 Mixed 40.000 -4.000 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses sur Sursurunga 3 Mixed -4.000 152.767 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses tar Tariana 3 Mixed 1.000 -69.167 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses bnw Baniwa 4 Identical to reflexive 2.667 -66.833 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses bae Baré 4 Identical to reflexive 1.000 -67.000 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses cah Cahuilla 4 Identical to reflexive 33.500 -116.250 Takic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses cor Cora 4 Identical to reflexive 22.167 -104.833 Corachol Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses cup Cupeño 4 Identical to reflexive 33.167 -116.500 Takic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses djr Djaru 4 Identical to reflexive -18.750 128.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses gim Gimira 4 Identical to reflexive 7.000 35.750 North Omotic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses goo Gooniyandi 4 Identical to reflexive -18.333 126.333 Bunuban Australian Simple Clauses qhu Quechua (Huallaga) 4 Identical to reflexive -6.000 -76.000 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses hui Huichol 4 Identical to reflexive 22.000 -104.000 Corachol Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses ika Ika 4 Identical to reflexive 10.667 -73.750 Aruak Chibchan Simple Clauses imo Imonda 4 Identical to reflexive -3.333 141.167 Border Border Simple Clauses jak Jakaltek 4 Identical to reflexive 15.667 -91.667 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses kng Kaingang 4 Identical to reflexive -26.000 -52.000 Ge-Kaingang Macro-Ge Simple Clauses kws Kawaiisu 4 Identical to reflexive 36.000 -117.500 Numic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses kio Kiowa 4 Identical to reflexive 37.000 -99.000 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Simple Clauses kro Krongo 4 Identical to reflexive 10.500 30.000 Kadugli Kadugli Simple Clauses lan Lango 4 Identical to reflexive 2.167 33.000 Nilotic Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses lui Luiseño 4 Identical to reflexive 33.333 -117.167 Takic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses luv Luvale 4 Identical to reflexive -12.000 22.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses myi Mangarrayi 4 Identical to reflexive -14.667 133.500 Mangarrayi Australian Simple Clauses map Mapudungun 4 Identical to reflexive -38.000 -72.000 Araucanian Araucanian Simple Clauses mar Maricopa 4 Identical to reflexive 33.167 -113.167 Yuman Hokan Simple Clauses wch Wichí 4 Identical to reflexive -22.500 -62.583 Matacoan Matacoan Simple Clauses mau Maung 4 Identical to reflexive -11.917 133.500 Iwaidjan Australian Simple Clauses max Maxakalí 4 Identical to reflexive -18.000 -40.000 Maxakalí Macro-Ge Simple Clauses mud Mundani 4 Identical to reflexive 5.667 9.917 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ond Oneida 4 Identical to reflexive 43.000 -75.667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Simple Clauses put Paiute (Southern) 4 Identical to reflexive 37.833 -113.333 Numic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses rap Rapanui 4 Identical to reflexive -27.117 -109.367 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses srr Serrano 4 Identical to reflexive 34.500 -117.000 Takic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses sho Shoshone 4 Identical to reflexive 41.000 -114.000 Numic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses sup Supyire 4 Identical to reflexive 11.500 -5.583 Gur Niger-Congo Simple Clauses toq Toqabaqita 4 Identical to reflexive -8.417 160.583 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses wam Wambaya 4 Identical to reflexive -18.667 135.750 West Barkly Australian Simple Clauses wra Warao 4 Identical to reflexive 9.333 -61.667 Warao Warao Simple Clauses wrk Warekena 4 Identical to reflexive 1.500 -67.500 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses war Wari' 4 Identical to reflexive -11.333 -65.000 Chapacura-Wanhan Chapacura-Wanhan Simple Clauses grw Greenlandic (West) 4 Identical to reflexive 64.000 -51.000 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Simple Clauses ynk Yankuntjatjara 4 Identical to reflexive -27.000 132.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses xer Xerénte 4 Identical to reflexive -10.000 -48.167 Ge-Kaingang Macro-Ge Simple Clauses yag Yagua 4 Identical to reflexive -3.500 -72.000 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Simple Clauses yaq Yaqui 4 Identical to reflexive 27.500 -110.250 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses yor Yoruba 4 Identical to reflexive 8.000 4.333 Defoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses