Polinsky, Maria. 2008. Applicative Constructions. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 109. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/109 Accessed on 2009-01-06. wals code name value description latitude longitude genus family area ala Alamblak 1 Benefactive object; both bases -4.667 143.333 Sepik Hill Sepik Simple Clauses ame Amele 1 Benefactive object; both bases -5.250 145.583 Madang Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses cha Chamorro 1 Benefactive object; both bases 13.450 144.750 Chamorro Austronesian Simple Clauses zqc Zoque (Copainalá) 1 Benefactive object; both bases 17.000 -93.250 Mixe-Zoque Mixe-Zoque Simple Clauses cre Cree (Plains) 1 Benefactive object; both bases 54.000 -110.000 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses knd Kannada 1 Benefactive object; both bases 14.000 76.000 Southern Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses kew Kewa 1 Benefactive object; both bases -6.500 143.833 Engan Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses ngn Ngandi 1 Benefactive object; both bases -13.833 135.000 Ngandi Australian Simple Clauses nuu Nuuchahnulth 1 Benefactive object; both bases 49.667 -126.667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Simple Clauses oji Ojibwa (Eastern) 1 Benefactive object; both bases 46.000 -80.000 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses par Päri 1 Benefactive object; both bases 5.000 32.500 Nilotic Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses psm Passamaquoddy-Maliseet 1 Benefactive object; both bases 45.000 -67.000 Algonquian Algic Simple Clauses pau Paumarí 1 Benefactive object; both bases -6.000 -64.000 Arauan Arauan Simple Clauses qaf Qafar 1 Benefactive object; both bases 12.000 42.000 Eastern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses usa Usan 1 Benefactive object; both bases -4.833 145.167 Madang Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses yaq Yaqui 1 Benefactive object; both bases 27.500 -110.250 Cahita Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses asm Asmat 2 Benefactive object; only transitive -5.500 138.500 Asmat-Kamoro Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses chh Chaha 2 Benefactive object; only transitive 8.000 37.500 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses ind Indonesian 2 Benefactive object; only transitive 0.000 106.000 Sundic Austronesian Simple Clauses una Una 2 Benefactive object; only transitive -4.667 140.000 Mek Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses abz Abaza 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 44.000 42.000 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses aco Acoma 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 34.917 -107.583 Keresan Keresan Simple Clauses ain Ainu 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 43.000 143.000 Ainu Ainu Simple Clauses arp Arapesh 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -3.467 143.167 Kombio-Arapesh Torricelli Simple Clauses bur Burushaski 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 36.500 74.500 Burushaski Burushaski Simple Clauses cah Cahuilla 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 33.500 -116.250 Takic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses cic Chichewa 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -14.000 34.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses cmn Comanche 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 33.500 -101.500 Numic Uto-Aztecan Simple Clauses diy Diyari 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -28.000 139.000 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses geo Georgian 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 42.000 44.000 Kartvelian Kartvelian Simple Clauses grb Grebo 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 5.000 -8.000 Kru Niger-Congo Simple Clauses lai Lai 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 22.667 93.667 Kuki-Chin-Naga Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses hlk Halkomelem 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 49.500 -122.500 Central Salish Salishan Simple Clauses hau Hausa 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 12.000 7.000 West Chadic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses igb Igbo 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 6.000 7.333 Igboid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ika Ika 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 10.667 -73.750 Aruak Chibchan Simple Clauses imo Imonda 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -3.333 141.167 Border Border Simple Clauses kam Kambera 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -9.833 120.167 Central Malayo-Polynesian Austronesian Simple Clauses knr Kanuri 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 12.000 13.000 Western Saharan Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses krk Karok 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 41.667 -123.000 Karok Karok Simple Clauses kro Krongo 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 10.500 30.000 Kadugli Kadugli Simple Clauses kut Kutenai 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 49.500 -116.000 Kutenai Kutenai Simple Clauses lkt Lakhota 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 43.833 -101.833 Siouan Siouan Simple Clauses lan Lango 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 2.167 33.000 Nilotic Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses lin Lingala 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 2.000 18.500 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses dni Dani (Lower Grand Valley) 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -4.333 138.833 Dani Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses luv Luvale 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -12.000 22.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses mal Malagasy 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -20.000 47.000 Borneo Austronesian Simple Clauses mar Maricopa 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 33.167 -113.167 Yuman Hokan Simple Clauses may Maybrat 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -1.333 132.500 North-Central Bird's Head West Papuan Simple Clauses mei Meithei 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 24.750 94.000 Kuki-Chin-Naga Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses kho Khoekhoe 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -25.500 18.000 Central Khoisan Khoisan Simple Clauses nez Nez Perce 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 46.000 -116.000 Sahaptian Penutian Simple Clauses nug Nunggubuyu 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -13.750 135.667 Nunggubuyu Australian Simple Clauses ond Oneida 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 43.000 -75.667 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Simple Clauses pai Paiwan 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 22.500 120.833 Paiwanic Austronesian Simple Clauses snc Seneca 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 42.500 -77.500 Northern Iroquoian Iroquoian Simple Clauses shk Shipibo-Konibo 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -7.500 -75.000 Panoan Panoan Simple Clauses swa Swahili 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -6.500 39.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses tag Tagalog 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 15.000 121.000 Meso-Philippine Austronesian Simple Clauses tep Tepehua (Tlachichilco) 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 20.583 -98.250 Totonacan Totonacan Simple Clauses tho Thompson 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 49.750 -121.750 Interior Salish Salishan Simple Clauses tuk Tukang Besi 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -5.500 123.500 Sulawesi Austronesian Simple Clauses urk Urubú-Kaapor 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -2.333 -46.500 Tupi-Guaraní Tupian Simple Clauses grw Greenlandic (West) 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 64.000 -51.000 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Simple Clauses wic Wichita 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 33.333 -97.333 Caddoan Caddoan Simple Clauses wlf Wolof 3 Benefactive and other; both bases 15.250 -16.000 Northern Atlantic Niger-Congo Simple Clauses yim Yimas 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -4.667 143.550 Lower Sepik Lower Sepik-Ramu Simple Clauses zul Zulu 3 Benefactive and other; both bases -30.000 30.000 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses abk Abkhaz 4 Benefactive and other; only transitive 43.083 41.000 Northwest Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Simple Clauses tap Taiap 4 Benefactive and other; only transitive -4.083 144.500 Gapun Gapun Simple Clauses juh Ju|'hoan 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases -19.000 21.000 Northern Khoisan Khoisan Simple Clauses dyi Dyirbal 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases -17.833 145.583 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses epe Epena Pedee 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases 3.000 -77.000 Choco Choco Simple Clauses kse Koyraboro Senni 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases 16.000 0.000 Songhay Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses nko Nkore-Kiga 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases -0.917 29.833 Bantoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses tab Taba 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases 0.000 127.500 South Halmahera - West New Guinea Austronesian Simple Clauses tiw Tiwi 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases -11.500 131.000 Tiwian Australian Simple Clauses yag Yagua 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases -3.500 -72.000 Peba-Yaguan Peba-Yaguan Simple Clauses yid Yidiny 5 Non-benefactive object; both bases -17.000 145.750 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses jak Jakaltek 6 Non-benefactive object; only transitive 15.667 -91.667 Mayan Mayan Simple Clauses fij Fijian 7 Non-benefactive object; only intransitive -17.833 178.000 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses wam Wambaya 7 Non-benefactive object; only intransitive -18.667 135.750 West Barkly Australian Simple Clauses apu Apurinã 8 No applicative construction -9.000 -67.000 Arawakan Arawakan Simple Clauses arc Archi 8 No applicative construction 42.000 46.833 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses arm Armenian (Eastern) 8 No applicative construction 40.000 45.000 Armenian Indo-European Simple Clauses awp Awa Pit 8 No applicative construction 1.500 -78.250 Barbacoan Barbacoan Simple Clauses bag Bagirmi 8 No applicative construction 11.667 16.000 Bongo-Bagirmi Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses brs Barasano 8 No applicative construction -0.167 -70.667 Tucanoan Tucanoan Simple Clauses bsq Basque 8 No applicative construction 43.000 -3.000 Basque Basque Simple Clauses brh Brahui 8 No applicative construction 28.500 67.000 Northern Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses brm Burmese 8 No applicative construction 21.000 96.000 Burmese-Lolo Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses ckr Canela-Krahô 8 No applicative construction -6.000 -45.000 Ge-Kaingang Macro-Ge Simple Clauses pmc Pomo (Central) 8 No applicative construction 39.000 -123.333 Pomoan Hokan Simple Clauses mxc Mixtec (Chalcatongo) 8 No applicative construction 17.050 -97.583 Mixtecan Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses chk Chukchi 8 No applicative construction 67.000 -173.000 Northern Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotko-Kamchatkan Simple Clauses dag Daga 8 No applicative construction -10.000 149.333 Dagan Dagan Simple Clauses dji Djingili 8 No applicative construction -17.750 134.000 West Barkly Australian Simple Clauses aeg Arabic (Egyptian) 8 No applicative construction 30.000 31.000 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses eng English 8 No applicative construction 52.000 0.000 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses eve Evenki 8 No applicative construction 56.000 125.000 Tungusic Altaic Simple Clauses ewe Ewe 8 No applicative construction 6.333 0.417 Kwa Niger-Congo Simple Clauses fin Finnish 8 No applicative construction 62.000 25.000 Finnic Uralic Simple Clauses fre French 8 No applicative construction 48.000 2.000 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses ger German 8 No applicative construction 52.000 10.000 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses god Godoberi 8 No applicative construction 42.667 46.083 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses goo Gooniyandi 8 No applicative construction -18.333 126.333 Bunuban Australian Simple Clauses grk Greek (Modern) 8 No applicative construction 39.000 22.000 Greek Indo-European Simple Clauses gua Guaraní 8 No applicative construction -26.000 -56.000 Tupi-Guaraní Tupian Simple Clauses orh Oromo (Harar) 8 No applicative construction 9.000 42.000 Eastern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses heb Hebrew (Modern) 8 No applicative construction 31.500 34.833 Semitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses hin Hindi 8 No applicative construction 25.000 77.000 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses hix Hixkaryana 8 No applicative construction -1.000 -59.000 Cariban Cariban Simple Clauses hmo Hmong Njua 8 No applicative construction 28.000 105.000 Hmong-Mien Hmong-Mien Simple Clauses hun Hungarian 8 No applicative construction 47.000 20.000 Ugric Uralic Simple Clauses hzb Hunzib 8 No applicative construction 42.167 46.250 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses ice Icelandic 8 No applicative construction 65.000 -17.000 Germanic Indo-European Simple Clauses qim Quechua (Imbabura) 8 No applicative construction 0.333 -78.000 Quechuan Quechuan Simple Clauses ing Ingush 8 No applicative construction 43.167 45.083 Nakh Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses irq Iraqw 8 No applicative construction -4.000 35.500 Southern Cushitic Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses jpn Japanese 8 No applicative construction 37.000 140.000 Japanese Japanese Simple Clauses kas Kashmiri 8 No applicative construction 34.000 76.000 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses kay Kayardild 8 No applicative construction -17.050 139.500 Tangkic Australian Simple Clauses ket Ket 8 No applicative construction 64.000 87.000 Yeniseian Yeniseian Simple Clauses kha Khalkha 8 No applicative construction 47.000 105.000 Mongolic Altaic Simple Clauses khs Khasi 8 No applicative construction 25.500 92.000 Khasian Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses klv Kilivila 8 No applicative construction -8.500 151.083 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses kio Kiowa 8 No applicative construction 37.000 -99.000 Kiowa-Tanoan Kiowa-Tanoan Simple Clauses kgz Kirghiz 8 No applicative construction 42.000 75.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses koa Koasati 8 No applicative construction 34.833 -85.167 Muskogean Muskogean Simple Clauses kob Kobon 8 No applicative construction -5.167 144.333 Madang Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses kol Kolami 8 No applicative construction 20.000 78.500 Central Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses kor Korean 8 No applicative construction 37.500 128.000 Korean Korean Simple Clauses kfe Koromfe 8 No applicative construction 14.250 -0.917 Gur Niger-Congo Simple Clauses lak Lak 8 No applicative construction 42.167 47.167 Lak-Dargwa Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses lat Latvian 8 No applicative construction 57.000 24.000 Baltic Indo-European Simple Clauses lav Lavukaleve 8 No applicative construction -9.083 159.200 Lavukaleve Lavukaleve Simple Clauses lez Lezgian 8 No applicative construction 41.667 47.833 Lezgic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses mac Macushi 8 No applicative construction 4.000 -60.000 Cariban Cariban Simple Clauses mak Makah 8 No applicative construction 48.333 -124.667 Southern Wakashan Wakashan Simple Clauses mnd Mandarin 8 No applicative construction 34.000 110.000 Chinese Sino-Tibetan Simple Clauses myi Mangarrayi 8 No applicative construction -14.667 133.500 Mangarrayi Australian Simple Clauses mao Maori 8 No applicative construction -40.000 176.000 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses map Mapudungun 8 No applicative construction -38.000 -72.000 Araucanian Araucanian Simple Clauses mrt Martuthunira 8 No applicative construction -20.833 116.500 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses wch Wichí 8 No applicative construction -22.500 -62.583 Matacoan Matacoan Simple Clauses mau Maung 8 No applicative construction -11.917 133.500 Iwaidjan Australian Simple Clauses mrl Murle 8 No applicative construction 6.500 33.500 Surmic Nilo-Saharan Simple Clauses ndy Ndyuka 8 No applicative construction 5.000 -54.500 Creoles and Pidgins other Simple Clauses ngi Ngiyambaa 8 No applicative construction -31.750 145.500 Pama-Nyungan Australian Simple Clauses niv Nivkh 8 No applicative construction 53.333 142.000 Nivkh Nivkh Simple Clauses otm Otomí (Mezquital) 8 No applicative construction 20.167 -99.167 Otomian Oto-Manguean Simple Clauses pms Paamese 8 No applicative construction -16.500 168.250 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses prs Persian 8 No applicative construction 32.000 54.000 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses prh Pirahã 8 No applicative construction -7.000 -62.000 Mura Mura Simple Clauses pan Panjabi 8 No applicative construction 31.000 74.000 Indic Indo-European Simple Clauses ram Rama 8 No applicative construction 11.750 -83.750 Rama Chibchan Simple Clauses rap Rapanui 8 No applicative construction -27.117 -109.367 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses rus Russian 8 No applicative construction 56.000 38.000 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses san Sango 8 No applicative construction 5.000 18.000 Ubangi Niger-Congo Simple Clauses snm Sanuma 8 No applicative construction 4.500 -64.667 Yanomam Yanomam Simple Clauses gae Gaelic (Scots) 8 No applicative construction 57.000 -4.000 Celtic Indo-European Simple Clauses sla Slave 8 No applicative construction 67.000 -125.000 Athapaskan Na-Dene Simple Clauses spa Spanish 8 No applicative construction 40.000 -4.000 Romance Indo-European Simple Clauses sue Suena 8 No applicative construction -7.750 147.550 Binanderean Trans-New Guinea Simple Clauses sup Supyire 8 No applicative construction 11.500 -5.583 Gur Niger-Congo Simple Clauses bma Berber (Middle Atlas) 8 No applicative construction 33.000 -5.000 Berber Afro-Asiatic Simple Clauses tml Tamil 8 No applicative construction 11.000 78.500 Southern Dravidian Dravidian Simple Clauses tha Thai 8 No applicative construction 16.000 101.000 Kam-Tai Tai-Kadai Simple Clauses tsz Tsez 8 No applicative construction 42.250 45.750 Avar-Andic-Tsezic Nakh-Daghestanian Simple Clauses tur Turkish 8 No applicative construction 39.000 35.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses tvl Tuvaluan 8 No applicative construction -8.500 179.167 Oceanic Austronesian Simple Clauses ukr Ukrainian 8 No applicative construction 49.000 33.000 Slavic Indo-European Simple Clauses uzb Uzbek 8 No applicative construction 39.000 66.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses vie Vietnamese 8 No applicative construction 10.500 106.500 Viet-Muong Austro-Asiatic Simple Clauses wra Warao 8 No applicative construction 9.333 -61.667 Warao Warao Simple Clauses wrd Wardaman 8 No applicative construction -15.500 131.000 Yangmanic Australian Simple Clauses war Wari' 8 No applicative construction -11.333 -65.000 Chapacura-Wanhan Chapacura-Wanhan Simple Clauses khk Khakas 8 No applicative construction 53.000 90.000 Turkic Altaic Simple Clauses yaz Yazgulyam 8 No applicative construction 38.500 71.500 Iranian Indo-European Simple Clauses yor Yoruba 8 No applicative construction 8.000 4.333 Defoid Niger-Congo Simple Clauses ypk Yup'ik (Central) 8 No applicative construction 59.500 -160.000 Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut Simple Clauses yur Yurok 8 No applicative construction 41.333 -124.000 Yurok Algic Simple Clauses