āpaṇ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
- considered "extra polite"; - used to address priests, teachers, in-laws, and in formal occasions; - identical to 1st pl incl. opposed to āmhī (1st pl excl); identical to anaphoric reflexiv pronoun |
he |
2nd sg. hon. |
- people of higher status are addressed by plural 3rd person pronouns (demonstratives), the proximate/ remote distinction plays a role to signal the psychological distance |
te |
2nd sg. hon. |
- people of higher status are addressed by plural 3rd person pronouns (demonstratives), the proximate/ remote distinction plays a role to signal the psychological distance |
tū |
2nd sg. fam. |
- used to address family members or intimate persons; however, husbands address their wifes with tū, but receive a plural pronoun (tumhī, etc.); - intimacy overrides power in the context of kinship relations; - female relatives are often addressed by fam tū, while male relatives receive plural forms; god is addressed by tū |
tū |
2nd sg. infer. |
- used to address people of lower status such as sweepers, cleaners, rikshaw-pullers, barbers, cooks, maids, servants, and laborers etc. |
tumhī |
2nd sg. hon. |
- tumhī is used to address strangers; used in case of uncertainty of status |