1. Family: Indo-European
  2. Genus: Albanian

Albanian

WALS coordinates: 41° N, 20° E

spoken in Serbia and Montenegro, Albania

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Albanian
Routledge:
    Other:
    • Albanian, Tosk dialect
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Average
    Vowel Quality Inventories Large (7-14)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio Average
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In both plosives and fricatives
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems None missing in /p t k b d g/
    Uvular Consonants None
    Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
    Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals
    The Velar Nasal No velar nasal
    Front Rounded Vowels High only
    Syllable Structure Complex
    Tone No tones
    Absence of Common Consonants All present
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants 'Th' sounds
    Morphology
    Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Strongly suffixing
    Nominal Categories
    Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural suffix
    The Associative Plural No associative plural
    Definite Articles Definite affix
    Indefinite Articles Indefinite word distinct from 'one'
    Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns 3rd person only, but also non-singular
    Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction
    Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking
    Number of Cases 4 cases
    Asymmetrical Case-Marking Syncretism in relevant NP-types
    Position of Case Affixes Case suffixes
    Comitatives and Instrumentals Identity
    Ordinal Numerals First, two-th, three-th
    Distributive Numerals Marked by preceding word
    Numeral Classifiers Absent
    Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes No possessive affixes
    Nominal Syntax
    Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses Highly differentiated
    Adjectives without Nouns Marked by preceding word
    Action Nominal Constructions Ergative-Possessive
    Noun Phrase Conjunction 'And' different from 'with'
    Verbal Categories
    Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
    The Morphological Imperative Second singular
    The Prohibitive Normal imperative + special negative
    Imperative-Hortative Systems Maximal system
    The Optative Inflectional optative present
    Situational Possibility Verbal constructions
    Epistemic Possibility Verbal constructions
    Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking Overlap for either possibility or necessity
    Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Indirect only
    Coding of Evidentiality Verbal affix or clitic
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb SVO
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb VO
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Prepositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Noun-Genitive
    Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
    Order of Demonstrative and Noun Demonstrative-Noun
    Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun
    Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause
    Order of Degree Word and Adjective Degree word-Adjective
    Position of Polar Question Particles Initial
    Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Initial subordinator word
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase VO and Prepositions
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun VO and NRel
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun VO and NAdj
    Simple Clauses
    Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Accusative
    Expression of Pronominal Subjects Subject affixes on verb
    Verbal Person Marking Both the A and P arguments
    Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No zero realization
    Order of Person Markers on the Verb P precedes A
    Passive Constructions Present
    Negative Morphemes Negative particle
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Symmetric
    Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation Non-assignable
    Polar Questions Question particle
    Predicative Possession 'Have'
    Predicative Adjectives Nonverbal encoding
    Nominal and Locational Predication Identical
    Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Impossible
    Comparative Constructions Particle
    Complex Sentences
    'Want' Complement Subjects Subject is expressed overtly
    Lexicon
    Numeral Bases Decimal
    Tea Words derived from Sinitic cha
    Other
    Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks Logical meanings