1. Family: Arawakan
  2. Genus: Arawakan

Apurinã

WALS coordinates: 9° S, 67° W

spoken in Brazil

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Apurina
Routledge:
    Other:
    • Ipurinã,
    • Ipurina,
    • Apurina
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Small
    Vowel Quality Inventories Average (5-6)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio Average
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives No voicing constrast
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Other
    Uvular Consonants None
    Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
    Lateral Consonants No laterals
    The Velar Nasal No velar nasal
    Vowel Nasalization Contrast present
    Front Rounded Vowels None
    Syllable Structure Simple
    Tone No tones
    Fixed Stress Locations No fixed stress
    Weight-Sensitive Stress Right-edge: Ultimate or penultimate
    Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems Long vowel
    Rhythm Types Trochaic
    Absence of Common Consonants All present
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
    Morphology
    Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Exclusively concatenative
    Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives No case
    Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb 6-7 categories per word
    Locus of Marking in the Clause Head marking
    Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Head marking
    Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Head-marking
    Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Equal prefixing and suffixing
    Reduplication No productive reduplication
    Case Syncretism No case marking
    Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Not syncretic
    Nominal Categories
    Number of Genders Two
    Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems Sex-based
    Systems of Gender Assignment Semantic and formal
    Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural suffix
    Occurrence of Nominal Plurality All nouns, always obligatory
    Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number affixes
    The Associative Plural No associative plural
    Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article
    Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns No inclusive/exclusive
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection No inclusive/exclusive
    Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Two-way contrast
    Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Identical
    Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives Related by gender markers
    Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns 3rd person singular only
    Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction
    Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Differentiated
    Person Marking on Adpositions No adpositions
    Number of Cases Exclusively borderline case-marking
    Asymmetrical Case-Marking Symmetrical
    Position of Case Affixes Postpositional clitics
    Ordinal Numerals None
    Numeral Classifiers Absent
    Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes Possessive prefixes
    Nominal Syntax
    Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent
    Possessive Classification No possessive classification
    Action Nominal Constructions Sentential
    Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Both expressed by juxtaposition
    Verbal Categories
    Perfective/Imperfective Aspect No grammatical marking
    The Past Tense No past tense
    The Future Tense Inflectional future exists
    The Perfect No perfect
    Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
    The Morphological Imperative Second plural
    Imperative-Hortative Systems Neither type of system
    The Optative Inflectional optative absent
    Situational Possibility Verbal constructions
    Epistemic Possibility Affixes on verbs
    Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Indirect only
    Coding of Evidentiality Verbal affix or clitic
    Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect None
    Verbal Number and Suppletion None
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb SVO
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
    Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
    Order of Demonstrative and Noun Demonstrative-Noun
    Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun
    Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause
    Position of Polar Question Particles No question particle
    Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Initial interrogative phrase
    Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Initial subordinator word
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Other
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Other
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun Other
    Simple Clauses
    Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Neutral
    Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Neutral
    Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Active
    Expression of Pronominal Subjects Subject affixes on verb
    Verbal Person Marking Both the A and P arguments
    Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No zero realization
    Order of Person Markers on the Verb A precedes P
    Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Mixed
    Reciprocal Constructions Distinct from reflexive
    Passive Constructions Present
    Antipassive Constructions No antipassive
    Applicative Constructions No applicative construction
    Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound
    Negative Morphemes Negative particle
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Symmetric
    Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation Non-assignable
    Polar Questions Interrogative intonation only
    Complex Sentences
    'Want' Complement Subjects Desiderative verbal affix
    'When' Clauses Balanced
    Reason Clauses Balanced
    Utterance Complement Clauses Balanced
    Lexicon
    M-T Pronouns No M-T pronouns
    N-M Pronouns No N-M pronouns