| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Small |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Average (5-6) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
Moderately high |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
In fricatives alone |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
Other |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
Uvular continuants only |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
Ejectives only |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
No velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast absent |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
None |
|
|
Tone
|
No tones |
|
|
Fixed Stress Locations
|
No fixed stress |
|
|
Weight-Sensitive Stress
|
Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere |
|
|
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
|
Prominence |
|
|
Rhythm Types
|
Undetermined |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
All present |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
None |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
|
2-3 categories per word |
|
|
Reduplication
|
Full reduplication only |
|
|
Case Syncretism
|
Core and non-core |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
Not syncretic |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Number of Genders
|
None |
|
|
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
|
No gender |
|
|
Systems of Gender Assignment
|
No gender |
|
|
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
|
All nouns, always obligatory |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix |
|
|
The Associative Plural
|
No associative plural |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
No inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
No inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
|
Related to remote demonstratives |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
No gender distinctions |
|
|
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
|
Binary politeness distinction |
|
|
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
|
Identical |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
No person marking |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
5 cases |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical |
|
|
Comitatives and Instrumentals
|
Differentiation |
|
|
Ordinal Numerals
|
First, two-th, three-th |
|
|
Distributive Numerals
|
Marked by mixed or other strategies |
|
|
Numeral Classifiers
|
Absent |
|
|
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
|
Formally different |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Obligatory Possessive Inflection
|
Absent |
|
|
Possessive Classification
|
No possessive classification |
|
|
Action Nominal Constructions
|
Possessive-Accusative |
|
|
Noun Phrase Conjunction
|
'And' different from 'with' |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
|
Grammatical marking |
|
|
The Past Tense
|
Present, no remoteness distinctions |
|
|
The Future Tense
|
No inflectional future |
|
|
The Perfect
|
Other perfect |
|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
Second singular and second plural |
|
|
The Prohibitive
|
Normal imperative + special negative |
|
|
Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Neither type of system |
|
|
The Optative
|
Inflectional optative absent |
|
|
Situational Possibility
|
Verbal constructions |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Other |
|
|
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
|
Overlap for either possibility or necessity |
|
|
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
|
Tense and aspect |
|
|
Verbal Number and Suppletion
|
None |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
SV |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Postpositions |
|
|
Order of Genitive and Noun
|
Genitive-Noun |
|
|
Order of Adjective and Noun
|
Adjective-Noun |
|
|
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
|
Demonstrative-Noun |
|
|
Order of Numeral and Noun
|
Numeral-Noun |
|
|
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
|
Initial subordinator word |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Nominative - accusative (standard) |
|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
|
Nominative - accusative (standard) |
|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Accusative |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
Only the A argument |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
Zero in all 3sg forms |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Present |
|
|
Antipassive Constructions
|
No antipassive |
|
|
Applicative Constructions
|
No applicative construction |
|
|
Periphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Purposive but no sequential |
|
|
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Morphological but no compound |
|
|
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Both |
|
|
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
A/Fin |
|
|
Predicative Possession
|
Genitive |
|
|
Predicative Adjectives
|
Nonverbal encoding |
|
|
Nominal and Locational Predication
|
Identical |
|
|
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
|
Impossible |
|
| Lexicon |
|---|
|
Numeral Bases
|
Decimal |
|
|
Tea
|
Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te |
|
