1. Family: Aymaran
  2. Genus: Aymaran

Aymara

WALS coordinates: 17° S, 69° W

spoken in Chile, Bolivia, Peru

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Aymara
Routledge:
  • Aimara
Other:
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Moderately large
    Vowel Quality Inventories Small (2-4)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio High
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives No voicing constrast
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Other
    Uvular Consonants Uvular stops and continuants
    Glottalized Consonants Ejectives only
    Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals
    The Velar Nasal No velar nasal
    Front Rounded Vowels None
    Syllable Structure Moderately complex
    Tone No tones
    Fixed Stress Locations Penultimate
    Weight-Sensitive Stress Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)
    Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems No weight
    Absence of Common Consonants All present
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
    Morphology
    Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Exclusively concatenative
    Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives Monoexponential case
    Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb 8-9 categories per word
    Locus of Marking in the Clause Double marking
    Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Double marking
    Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Double-marking
    Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Strongly suffixing
    Reduplication Productive full and partial reduplication
    Case Syncretism No case marking
    Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Syncretic
    Nominal Categories
    Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural suffix
    Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number stem + nominal plural affix
    Indefinite Articles Indefinite word same as 'one'
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns Only inclusive
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection Only inclusive
    Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions
    Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction
    Person Marking on Adpositions Pronouns only
    Number of Cases 6-7 cases
    Asymmetrical Case-Marking Symmetrical
    Position of Case Affixes Postpositional clitics
    Comitatives and Instrumentals Identity
    Ordinal Numerals First, two, three
    Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes Possessive suffixes
    Nominal Syntax
    Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent
    Possessive Classification No possessive classification
    Verbal Categories
    Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
    The Morphological Imperative Second person number-neutral
    The Prohibitive Normal imperative + special negative
    Imperative-Hortative Systems Maximal system
    The Optative Inflectional optative present
    Situational Possibility Verbal constructions
    Epistemic Possibility Other
    Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking No overlap
    Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Direct and indirect
    Coding of Evidentiality Verbal affix or clitic
    Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect None
    Verbal Number and Suppletion None
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb SOV
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb OV
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
    Order of Adjective and Noun Adjective-Noun
    Order of Demonstrative and Noun Demonstrative-Noun
    Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun
    Order of Degree Word and Adjective Degree word-Adjective
    Position of Polar Question Particles Final
    Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Not initial interrogative phrase
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase OV and Postpositions
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun OV and AdjN
    Simple Clauses
    Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Nominative - accusative (marked nominative)
    Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Nominative - accusative (marked nominative)
    Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Hierarchical
    Expression of Pronominal Subjects Subject affixes on verb
    Verbal Person Marking Both the A and P arguments
    Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking Zero in all 3sg forms
    Order of Person Markers on the Verb A and P are fused
    Passive Constructions Present
    Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound
    Negative Morphemes Negative particle
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Asymmetric
    Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation A/NonReal
    Polar Questions Question particle
    Comparative Constructions Locational
    Lexicon
    Hand and Arm Identical
    Finger and Hand Different
    Numeral Bases Decimal