Batak (Toba)

WALS coordinates: 2° 30′ N, 99° E

spoken in Indonesia

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Toba Batak
Routledge:
  • Toba Batak
Other:
  • Toba Batak
ISO 639-3:

Features

Feature Value References
Phonology
Consonant Inventories Moderately small
Vowel Quality Inventories Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio Average
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In plosives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants None
Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals
Front Rounded Vowels None
Tone No tones
Fixed Stress Locations Penultimate
Weight-Sensitive Stress Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems No weight
Rhythm Types Trochaic
Absence of Common Consonants All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
Morphology
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Weakly prefixing
Nominal Categories
Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural word
Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns Binary politeness distinction
Position of Case Affixes No case affixes or adpositional clitics
Verbal Categories
Epistemic Possibility Other
Word Order
Order of Subject, Object and Verb VOS
Order of Subject and Verb VS
Order of Object and Verb VO
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb VOX
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun Noun-Genitive
Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
Order of Demonstrative and Noun Noun-Demonstrative
Order of Numeral and Noun No dominant order
Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause
Order of Degree Word and Adjective Degree word-Adjective
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Initial subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase VO and Prepositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun VO and NRel
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun VO and NAdj
Simple Clauses
Negative Morphemes Negative particle
Predicative Possession Topic
Predicative Adjectives Verbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Impossible
Comparative Constructions Particle