| Phonology |
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Consonant Inventories
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Small |
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Vowel Quality Inventories
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Average (5-6) |
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Consonant-Vowel Ratio
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Moderately low |
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Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
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In plosives alone |
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Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
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None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
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Uvular Consonants
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None |
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Glottalized Consonants
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No glottalized consonants |
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Lateral Consonants
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No laterals |
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The Velar Nasal
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No velar nasal |
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Vowel Nasalization
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Contrast absent |
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Front Rounded Vowels
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None |
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Syllable Structure
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Moderately complex |
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Absence of Common Consonants
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All present |
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Presence of Uncommon Consonants
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None |
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| Morphology |
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Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
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Exclusively concatenative |
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Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
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No case |
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Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
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8-9 categories per word |
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Locus of Marking in the Clause
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Head marking |
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Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
|
Head marking |
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Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
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Head-marking |
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Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
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Strongly suffixing |
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Reduplication
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Productive full and partial reduplication |
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Case Syncretism
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No case marking |
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Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
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Syncretic |
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| Nominal Categories |
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Number of Genders
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None |
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Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
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No gender |
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Systems of Gender Assignment
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No gender |
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Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
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Person-number stem |
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Definite Articles
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No definite or indefinite article |
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Indefinite Articles
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No definite or indefinite article |
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Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
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No inclusive/exclusive |
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Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
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'We' the same as 'I' |
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Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
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No gender distinctions |
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Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
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No politeness distinction |
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Person Marking on Adpositions
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No person marking |
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Number of Cases
|
Exclusively borderline case-marking |
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Asymmetrical Case-Marking
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Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical |
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Position of Case Affixes
|
Case suffixes |
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Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
|
Possessive suffixes |
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| Nominal Syntax |
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Obligatory Possessive Inflection
|
Absent |
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Possessive Classification
|
Two classes |
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Noun Phrase Conjunction
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'And' different from 'with' |
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| Verbal Categories |
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Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
|
No grammatical marking |
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The Past Tense
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Present, no remoteness distinctions |
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The Future Tense
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Inflectional future exists |
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The Perfect
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No perfect |
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Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
|
Tense-aspect suffixes |
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The Morphological Imperative
|
Second singular and second plural |
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Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Maximal system |
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Situational Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
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Epistemic Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
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Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
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No overlap |
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Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
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No grammatical evidentials |
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Coding of Evidentiality
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No grammatical evidentials |
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Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
|
None |
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Verbal Number and Suppletion
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None |
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| Word Order |
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Order of Subject, Object and Verb
|
SOV |
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Order of Subject and Verb
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SV |
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Order of Object and Verb
|
OV |
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Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
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Postpositions |
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Order of Genitive and Noun
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Genitive-Noun |
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Order of Adjective and Noun
|
Noun-Adjective |
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Order of Demonstrative and Noun
|
Noun-Demonstrative |
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Order of Numeral and Noun
|
Noun-Numeral |
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Order of Relative Clause and Noun
|
Noun-Relative clause |
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Order of Degree Word and Adjective
|
Adjective-Degree word |
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Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
|
Not initial interrogative phrase |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
OV and Postpositions |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
|
OV and NRel |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
|
OV and NAdj |
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| Simple Clauses |
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Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Neutral |
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Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
|
Neutral |
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Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Accusative |
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Expression of Pronominal Subjects
|
Subject affixes on verb |
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Verbal Person Marking
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Both the A and P arguments |
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Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
No zero realization |
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Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
P precedes A |
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Passive Constructions
|
Absent |
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Antipassive Constructions
|
No antipassive |
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Applicative Constructions
|
No applicative construction |
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Negative Morphemes
|
Negative particle |
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Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Symmetric |
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Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Non-assignable |
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Predicative Possession
|
Conjunctional |
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Predicative Adjectives
|
Nonverbal encoding |
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Nominal and Locational Predication
|
Identical |
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Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
|
Impossible |
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| Complex Sentences |
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Relativization on Subjects
|
Gap |
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| Lexicon |
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Numeral Bases
|
Pure vigesimal |
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M-T Pronouns
|
No M-T pronouns |
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N-M Pronouns
|
No N-M pronouns |
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