| 1A |
Consonant Inventories |
Average |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 2A |
Vowel Quality Inventories |
Large (7-14) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 3A |
Consonant-Vowel Ratio |
Moderately low |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 4A |
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives |
In plosives alone |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 5A |
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems |
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 6A |
Uvular Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 7A |
Glottalized Consonants |
No glottalized consonants |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 8A |
Lateral Consonants |
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 9A |
The Velar Nasal |
Initial velar nasal |
Phonology |
|
comment
examples
|
| 10A |
Vowel Nasalization |
Contrast present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 11A |
Front Rounded Vowels |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 12A |
Syllable Structure |
Simple |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 13A |
Tone |
Complex tone system |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 14A |
Fixed Stress Locations |
No fixed stress |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 15A |
Weight-Sensitive Stress |
Not predictable |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 16A |
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems |
Lexical stress |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 17A |
Rhythm Types |
No rhythmic stress |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 18A |
Absence of Common Consonants |
All present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 19A |
Presence of Uncommon Consonants |
Labial-velars |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 20A |
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
Exclusively concatenative |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21A |
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
No case |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21B |
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection |
monoexponential TAM |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 22A |
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb |
6-7 categories per word |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 23A |
Locus of Marking in the Clause |
Dependent marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 24A |
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases |
Dependent marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25A |
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology |
Dependent-marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25B |
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments |
Non-zero marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 26A |
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology |
Strongly suffixing |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 28A |
Case Syncretism |
No case marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 29A |
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking |
Not syncretic |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 30A |
Number of Genders |
Three |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 31A |
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems |
Non-sex-based |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 32A |
Systems of Gender Assignment |
Semantic |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 33A |
Coding of Nominal Plurality |
Plural suffix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 34A |
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality |
All nouns, always obligatory |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 35A |
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns |
Person-number stem |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 37A |
Definite Articles |
No definite or indefinite article |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 38A |
Indefinite Articles |
No definite or indefinite article |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 39A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns |
No inclusive/exclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 40A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 43A |
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives |
Related by gender markers |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 44A |
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns |
3rd person only, but also non-singular |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 45A |
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns |
No politeness distinction |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 48A |
Person Marking on Adpositions |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 49A |
Number of Cases |
No morphological case-marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 50A |
Asymmetrical Case-Marking |
No case-marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 53A |
Ordinal Numerals |
First, two-th, three-th |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 57A |
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes |
No possessive affixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 58A |
Obligatory Possessive Inflection |
Absent |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 58B |
Number of Possessive Nouns |
None reported |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 59A |
Possessive Classification |
No possessive classification |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 65A |
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect |
Grammatical marking |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 66A |
The Past Tense |
Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 67A |
The Future Tense |
Inflectional future exists |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 68A |
The Perfect |
Other perfect |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 69A |
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes |
Tense-aspect suffixes |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 70A |
The Morphological Imperative |
Second singular |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 71A |
The Prohibitive |
Special imperative + special negative |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 72A |
Imperative-Hortative Systems |
Minimal system |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 73A |
The Optative |
Inflectional optative absent |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 75A |
Epistemic Possibility |
Verbal constructions |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 77A |
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality |
No grammatical evidentials |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 78A |
Coding of Evidentiality |
No grammatical evidentials |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79A |
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79B |
Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives |
None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 80A |
Verbal Number and Suppletion |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
SVO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
SV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
VO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 84A |
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb |
VOX |
Word Order |
|
comment
examples
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Postpositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
Genitive-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
Noun-Adjective |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Noun-Demonstrative |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Noun-Numeral |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Noun-Relative clause |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90C |
Postnominal relative clauses |
Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
Initial |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 93A |
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions |
Initial interrogative phrase |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
VO and Postpositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
VO and NRel |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
VO and NAdj |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 98A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 99A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns |
Nominative - accusative (standard) |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 100A |
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 101A |
Expression of Pronominal Subjects |
Subject pronouns in different position |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 102A |
Verbal Person Marking |
No person marking |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 103A |
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking |
No person marking |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 104A |
Order of Person Markers on the Verb |
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 105A |
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' |
Double-object construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 106A |
Reciprocal Constructions |
Distinct from reflexive |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 107A |
Passive Constructions |
Present |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 108A |
Antipassive Constructions |
No antipassive |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 108B |
Productivity of the Antipassive Construction |
no antipassive |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 109A |
Applicative Constructions |
Benefactive and other; both bases |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 109B |
Other Roles of Applied Objects |
Instrument |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 111A |
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions |
Morphological but no compound |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 112A |
Negative Morphemes |
Negative auxiliary verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 113A |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Asymmetric |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 114A |
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation |
A/NonReal and A/Cat |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Question particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 118A |
Predicative Adjectives |
Verbal encoding |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 119A |
Nominal and Locational Predication |
Different |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 120A |
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals |
Impossible |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 125A |
Purpose Clauses |
Deranked |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 126A |
'When' Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 136A |
M-T Pronouns |
M-T pronouns, paradigmatic |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 136B |
M in First Person Singular |
m in first person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 137A |
N-M Pronouns |
N-M pronouns, non-paradigmatic |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 137B |
M in Second Person Singular |
m in second person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144A |
Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb |
SNegOV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144B |
Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb |
Preverbal, not beginning or immed |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144C |
Languages with different word order in negative clauses |
SVO, but SNegOV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144L |
The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages |
SVO but SNegOV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144P |
NegSOV Order |
No NegSOV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144Q |
SNegOV Order |
NoDoubleNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144R |
SONegV Order |
No SONegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144S |
SOVNeg Order |
NoSOVNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
