Hmong Njua

WALS coordinates: 28° N, 105° E

spoken in China

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Miao
Routledge:
  • Miao
Other:
  • Mong Njua
ISO 639-3:

Features

Feature Value References
Phonology
Consonant Inventories Large
Vowel Quality Inventories Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio High
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives No voicing constrast
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Other
Uvular Consonants Uvular stops only
Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal No initial velar nasal
Front Rounded Vowels None
Syllable Structure Moderately complex
Tone Complex tone system
Absence of Common Consonants All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
Morphology
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Exclusively isolating
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives No case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb 2-3 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause No marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Little affixation
Reduplication Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking No subject person/number marking
Nominal Categories
Number of Genders None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment No gender
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality No nominal plural
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number stem
Indefinite Articles Indefinite word same as 'one'
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns No inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection No person marking
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Three-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Identical
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Identical
Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking
Number of Cases No morphological case-marking
Asymmetrical Case-Marking No case-marking
Position of Case Affixes No case affixes or adpositional clitics
Nominal Syntax
Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent
Possessive Classification No possessive classification
Action Nominal Constructions No action nominals
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Identity
Verbal Categories
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect No grammatical marking
The Past Tense No past tense
The Future Tense No inflectional future
The Perfect No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes No tense-aspect inflection
The Morphological Imperative No second-person imperatives
The Prohibitive Normal imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems Neither type of system
The Optative Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility Verbal constructions
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials
Coding of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials
Word Order
Order of Subject, Object and Verb SVO
Order of Subject and Verb SV
Order of Object and Verb VO
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
Order of Demonstrative and Noun Noun-Demonstrative
Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause
Order of Degree Word and Adjective Adjective-Degree word
Position of Polar Question Particles Other position
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Initial subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase VO and Prepositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun VO and NRel
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun VO and NAdj
Simple Clauses
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Neutral
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Neutral
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Neutral
Expression of Pronominal Subjects Obligatory pronouns in subject position
Verbal Person Marking No person marking
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No person marking
Order of Person Markers on the Verb A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Indirect-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions Present
Antipassive Constructions No antipassive
Applicative Constructions No applicative construction
Periphrastic Causative Constructions Sequential but no purposive
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Neither
Negative Morphemes Negative word, unclear if verb or particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation Non-assignable
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions Question particle
Complex Sentences
Relativization on Subjects Gap
'Want' Complement Subjects Subject is left implicit
Purpose Clauses Balanced
Reason Clauses Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses Balanced
Lexicon
Numeral Bases Decimal
M-T Pronouns No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns No N-M pronouns
Other
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks Affective meanings