1. Family: Border
  2. Genus: Border

Imonda

WALS coordinates: 3° 19′ 48.00″ S, 141° 10′ 12.00″ E

spoken in Papua New Guinea

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
    Routledge:
      Other:
        ISO 639-3:

        Features

        Feature Value References
        Phonology
        Consonant Inventories Small
        Vowel Quality Inventories Large (7-14)
        Consonant-Vowel Ratio Low
        Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives No voicing constrast
        Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Other
        Uvular Consonants None
        Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
        Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals
        The Velar Nasal No velar nasal
        Vowel Nasalization Contrast absent
        Front Rounded Vowels None
        Syllable Structure Complex
        Tone No tones
        Absence of Common Consonants All present
        Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
        Morphology
        Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Exclusively concatenative
        Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives Monoexponential case
        Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb 10-11 categories per word
        Locus of Marking in the Clause Double marking
        Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Double marking
        Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Double-marking
        Case Syncretism No syncretism
        Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking No subject person/number marking
        Nominal Categories
        Number of Genders None
        Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems No gender
        Systems of Gender Assignment No gender
        Coding of Nominal Plurality No plural
        Occurrence of Nominal Plurality No nominal plural
        Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Number-indifferent pronouns
        Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article
        Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article
        Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns Only inclusive
        Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection No person marking
        Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Two-way contrast
        Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Identical
        Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives Unrelated
        Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions
        Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction
        Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Identical
        Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking
        Number of Cases 5 cases
        Asymmetrical Case-Marking Symmetrical
        Position of Case Affixes Postpositional clitics
        Comitatives and Instrumentals Differentiation
        Ordinal Numerals None
        Distributive Numerals No distributive numerals
        Numeral Classifiers Absent
        Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers Formally similar, without interrogative
        Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes No possessive affixes
        Nominal Syntax
        Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent
        Possessive Classification Two classes
        Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses Highly differentiated
        Adjectives without Nouns Marked by suffix
        Action Nominal Constructions No action nominals
        Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Differentiation
        Verbal Categories
        Perfective/Imperfective Aspect Grammatical marking
        The Past Tense Present, no remoteness distinctions
        The Future Tense Inflectional future exists
        The Perfect Other perfect
        Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
        The Morphological Imperative Second person number-neutral
        The Prohibitive Special imperative + special negative
        Imperative-Hortative Systems Neither type of system
        The Optative Inflectional optative absent
        Situational Possibility Affixes on verbs
        Epistemic Possibility Affixes on verbs
        Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking No overlap
        Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials
        Coding of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials
        Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect None
        Verbal Number and Suppletion Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion
        Word Order
        Order of Subject, Object and Verb No dominant order
        Order of Subject and Verb SV
        Order of Object and Verb OV
        Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
        Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
        Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
        Order of Demonstrative and Noun Mixed
        Order of Numeral and Noun Noun-Numeral
        Order of Relative Clause and Noun Mixed
        Order of Degree Word and Adjective No dominant order
        Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase OV and Postpositions
        Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Other
        Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun OV and NAdj
        Simple Clauses
        Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Active-inactive
        Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Active - inactive
        Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Neutral
        Expression of Pronominal Subjects Optional pronouns in subject position
        Verbal Person Marking No person marking
        Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No person marking
        Order of Person Markers on the Verb A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
        Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Indirect-object construction
        Reciprocal Constructions Identical to reflexive
        Passive Constructions Absent
        Antipassive Constructions No antipassive
        Applicative Constructions Benefactive and other; both bases
        Negative Morphemes Negative particle
        Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Both
        Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation A/Fin and A/NonReal
        Polar Questions Question particle
        Predicative Adjectives Nonverbal encoding
        Nominal and Locational Predication Different
        Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Possible
        Complex Sentences
        Relativization on Subjects Gap
        Relativization on Obliques Gap
        'Want' Complement Subjects Subject is left implicit
        'When' Clauses Balanced
        Reason Clauses Balanced
        Lexicon
        Numeral Bases Restricted
        M-T Pronouns No M-T pronouns
        N-M Pronouns No N-M pronouns