1. Family: Macro-Ge
  2. Genus: Ge-Kaingang

Kaingang

WALS coordinates: 26° S, 52° W

spoken in Brazil

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Kaingang
Routledge:
    Other:
    • Caingang
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Small
    Vowel Quality Inventories Large (7-14)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio Low
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives No voicing constrast
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Other
    Uvular Consonants None
    Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
    Lateral Consonants No laterals
    Vowel Nasalization Contrast present
    Front Rounded Vowels None
    Syllable Structure Moderately complex
    Tone No tones
    Absence of Common Consonants No nasals
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
    Nominal Categories
    Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative-based
    Comitatives and Instrumentals Differentiation
    Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes No possessive affixes
    Nominal Syntax
    Noun Phrase Conjunction 'And' identical to 'with'
    Verbal Categories
    Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Indirect only
    Coding of Evidentiality Verbal affix or clitic
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb SOV
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb OV
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
    Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
    Order of Degree Word and Adjective Adjective-Degree word
    Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Final subordinator word
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase OV and Postpositions
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun OV and NAdj
    Simple Clauses
    Reciprocal Constructions Identical to reflexive
    Predicative Possession Topic
    Lexicon
    Hand and Arm Different
    Finger and Hand Different