| 1A |
Consonant Inventories |
Moderately small |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 2A |
Vowel Quality Inventories |
Average (5-6) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 3A |
Consonant-Vowel Ratio |
Average |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 4A |
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives |
No voicing constrast |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 5A |
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems |
Other |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 6A |
Uvular Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 7A |
Glottalized Consonants |
No glottalized consonants |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 8A |
Lateral Consonants |
No laterals |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 11A |
Front Rounded Vowels |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 12A |
Syllable Structure |
Moderately complex |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 13A |
Tone |
No tones |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 14A |
Fixed Stress Locations |
Penultimate |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 15A |
Weight-Sensitive Stress |
Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 16A |
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems |
No weight |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 18A |
Absence of Common Consonants |
All present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 19A |
Presence of Uncommon Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 26A |
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology |
Equal prefixing and suffixing |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 28A |
Case Syncretism |
No case marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 29A |
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking |
Not syncretic |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 30A |
Number of Genders |
None |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 31A |
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems |
No gender |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 32A |
Systems of Gender Assignment |
No gender |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 33A |
Coding of Nominal Plurality |
Plural suffix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 35A |
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns |
Person-number stem + nominal plural affix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 37A |
Definite Articles |
No definite or indefinite article |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 38A |
Indefinite Articles |
No definite or indefinite article |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 39A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns |
No inclusive/exclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 40A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection |
No inclusive/exclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 43A |
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives |
Related for all demonstratives |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 44A |
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns |
No gender distinctions |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 45A |
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns |
Multiple politeness distinctions |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 46A |
Indefinite Pronouns |
Interrogative-based |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 47A |
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns |
Differentiated |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 48A |
Person Marking on Adpositions |
Pronouns and nouns |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 49A |
Number of Cases |
No morphological case-marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 50A |
Asymmetrical Case-Marking |
No case-marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 55A |
Numeral Classifiers |
Absent |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 56A |
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers |
Formally different |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 57A |
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes |
Possessive prefixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 60A |
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses |
Highly differentiated |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 64A |
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction |
Identity |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 69A |
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes |
Tense-aspect suffixes |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 70A |
The Morphological Imperative |
Second singular and second plural |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 71A |
The Prohibitive |
Normal imperative + normal negative |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 72A |
Imperative-Hortative Systems |
Maximal system |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 73A |
The Optative |
Inflectional optative absent |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 74A |
Situational Possibility |
Other kinds of markers |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 75A |
Epistemic Possibility |
Other |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 76A |
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking |
No overlap |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 77A |
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality |
Indirect only |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 78A |
Coding of Evidentiality |
Separate particle |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79A |
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect |
Tense and aspect |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 79B |
Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives |
A regular and a suppletive form alternate |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 80A |
Verbal Number and Suppletion |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
SVO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
VO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 84A |
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb |
VOX |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
Noun-Genitive |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
Noun-Adjective |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Demonstrative-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Numeral-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Noun-Relative clause |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90C |
Postnominal relative clauses |
Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 91A |
Order of Degree Word and Adjective |
Degree word-Adjective |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
No question particle |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 93A |
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions |
Initial interrogative phrase |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 94A |
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause |
Initial subordinator word |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
VO and Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
VO and NRel |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
VO and NAdj |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 98A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 99A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 100A |
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking |
Accusative |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 101A |
Expression of Pronominal Subjects |
Subject affixes on verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 102A |
Verbal Person Marking |
Both the A and P arguments |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 103A |
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking |
Zero in all 3rd person forms |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 104A |
Order of Person Markers on the Verb |
A precedes P |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 105A |
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' |
Double-object construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 107A |
Passive Constructions |
Present |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 110A |
Periphrastic Causative Constructions |
Purposive but no sequential |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 111A |
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions |
Morphological but no compound |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 112A |
Negative Morphemes |
Negative particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 113A |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Symmetric |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 114A |
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Non-assignable |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 115A |
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation |
No predicate negation |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Interrogative intonation only |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 118A |
Predicative Adjectives |
Mixed |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 119A |
Nominal and Locational Predication |
Identical |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 120A |
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals |
Impossible |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 124A |
'Want' Complement Subjects |
Subject is expressed overtly |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 125A |
Purpose Clauses |
Balanced/deranked |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 126A |
'When' Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 127A |
Reason Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 128A |
Utterance Complement Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 129A |
Hand and Arm |
Identical |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 130A |
Finger and Hand |
Different |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 131A |
Numeral Bases |
Decimal |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144A |
Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb |
Other |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144D |
The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages |
Other NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144J |
SVNegO Order |
No SVNegO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144K |
SVONeg Order |
No SVONeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
