1. Family: Nilo-Saharan
  2. Subfamily: Central Sudanic
  3. Genus: Lendu

Ngiti

WALS coordinates: 1° 20′ N, 30° 15′ E

spoken in Democratic Republic of Congo

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Balendru
Routledge:
  • Dru
Other:
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Large
    Vowel Quality Inventories Large (7-14)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio Moderately high
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In both plosives and fricatives
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems None missing in /p t k b d g/
    Uvular Consonants None
    Glottalized Consonants Implosives only
    Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals
    The Velar Nasal No velar nasal
    Vowel Nasalization Contrast absent
    Front Rounded Vowels None
    Syllable Structure Simple
    Tone Complex tone system
    Absence of Common Consonants All present
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants Labial-velars
    Morphology
    Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Equal prefixing and suffixing
    Case Syncretism No case marking
    Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Syncretic
    Nominal Categories
    Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural tone
    Occurrence of Nominal Plurality Only human nouns, obligatory
    Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person stem + pronominal plural affix
    Definite Articles Definite word distinct from demonstrative
    Indefinite Articles No indefinite, but definite article
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns Inclusive/exclusive
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection Only inclusive
    Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Three-way contrast
    Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Identical
    Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives Unrelated
    Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions
    Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction
    Indefinite Pronouns Generic-noun-based
    Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Differentiated
    Person Marking on Adpositions Pronouns only
    Number of Cases No morphological case-marking
    Asymmetrical Case-Marking Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical
    Position of Case Affixes No case affixes or adpositional clitics
    Comitatives and Instrumentals Differentiation
    Ordinal Numerals First, two-th, three-th
    Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes Possessive suffixes
    Verbal Categories
    Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
    The Morphological Imperative Second singular and second plural
    Imperative-Hortative Systems Maximal system
    The Optative Inflectional optative absent
    Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials
    Coding of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
    Order of Adjective and Noun Adjective-Noun
    Order of Demonstrative and Noun Demonstrative-Noun
    Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun
    Position of Polar Question Particles In either of two positions
    Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Mixed
    Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Final subordinator word
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Other
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Other
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun Other
    Simple Clauses
    Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Neutral
    Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Neutral
    Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Accusative
    Expression of Pronominal Subjects Subject affixes on verb
    Verbal Person Marking Both the A and P arguments
    Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No zero realization
    Order of Person Markers on the Verb P precedes A
    Passive Constructions Absent
    Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound
    Negative Morphemes Negative particle
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Symmetric
    Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation Non-assignable
    Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation Predicate negation also present
    Polar Questions Question particle
    Complex Sentences
    'Want' Complement Subjects Subject is expressed overtly
    Purpose Clauses Deranked
    'When' Clauses Balanced
    Reason Clauses Balanced
    Lexicon
    Numeral Bases Other base