| 1A |
Consonant Inventories |
Average |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 2A |
Vowel Quality Inventories |
Average (5-6) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 3A |
Consonant-Vowel Ratio |
Average |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 4A |
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives |
In plosives alone |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 5A |
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems |
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 6A |
Uvular Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 7A |
Glottalized Consonants |
No glottalized consonants |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 8A |
Lateral Consonants |
Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 11A |
Front Rounded Vowels |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 12A |
Syllable Structure |
Complex |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 13A |
Tone |
No tones |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 18A |
Absence of Common Consonants |
All present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 19A |
Presence of Uncommon Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 26A |
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology |
Equal prefixing and suffixing |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 27A |
Reduplication |
Productive full and partial reduplication |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 33A |
Coding of Nominal Plurality |
Plural prefix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 37A |
Definite Articles |
Definite word distinct from demonstrative |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 38A |
Indefinite Articles |
No indefinite, but definite article |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 46A |
Indefinite Pronouns |
Special |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 55A |
Numeral Classifiers |
Absent |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 57A |
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes |
Possessive prefixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 61A |
Adjectives without Nouns |
Without marking |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 64A |
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction |
Identity |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 65A |
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect |
Grammatical marking |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 66A |
The Past Tense |
Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 67A |
The Future Tense |
No inflectional future |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 68A |
The Perfect |
Other perfect |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 69A |
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes |
Tense-aspect suffixes |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 70A |
The Morphological Imperative |
Second singular and second plural |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 77A |
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality |
Indirect only |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 78A |
Coding of Evidentiality |
Verbal affix or clitic |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
VS |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
VO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
Adjective-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Demonstrative-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Numeral-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Noun-Relative clause |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90C |
Postnominal relative clauses |
Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 91A |
Order of Degree Word and Adjective |
Degree word-Adjective |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
Initial |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 93A |
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions |
Not initial interrogative phrase |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 94A |
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause |
Mixed |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Other |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
VO and NRel |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
VO and AdjN |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 101A |
Expression of Pronominal Subjects |
Subject clitics on variable host |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 105A |
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' |
Double-object construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 106A |
Reciprocal Constructions |
Mixed |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 112A |
Negative Morphemes |
Negative particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 115A |
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation |
Predicate negation also present |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Question particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 117A |
Predicative Possession |
'Have' |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 118A |
Predicative Adjectives |
Verbal encoding |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 119A |
Nominal and Locational Predication |
Different |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 120A |
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals |
Impossible |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 121A |
Comparative Constructions |
Particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 124A |
'Want' Complement Subjects |
Desiderative verbal affix |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 129A |
Hand and Arm |
Identical |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 130A |
Finger and Hand |
Different |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 132A |
Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories |
5 |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 133A |
Number of Basic Colour Categories |
8-8.5 |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 134A |
Green and Blue |
Green/blue |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 135A |
Red and Yellow |
Red vs. yellow |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 136A |
M-T Pronouns |
No M-T pronouns |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 136B |
M in First Person Singular |
No m in first person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 137A |
N-M Pronouns |
N-M pronouns, paradigmatic |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 137B |
M in Second Person Singular |
m in second person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 142A |
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks |
Affective meanings |
Other |
|
comment
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144A |
Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb |
Other |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144B |
Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb |
Immed preverbal |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144T |
The Position of Negative Morphemes in Verb-Initial Languages |
NegV & VS & VO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144V |
Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative |
Separate word, no double negation Word&NoDoubleNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144W |
Verb-Initial with Negative that is Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144X |
Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative |
No clause-final neg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
