| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Average |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Small (2-4) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
Moderately high |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
In both plosives and fricatives |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
Uvular stops only |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
No glottalized consonants |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
Initial velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast absent |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
None |
|
|
Syllable Structure
|
Moderately complex |
|
|
Tone
|
No tones |
|
|
Fixed Stress Locations
|
Penultimate |
|
|
Weight-Sensitive Stress
|
Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) |
|
|
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
|
No weight |
|
|
Rhythm Types
|
No rhythmic stress |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
All present |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
None |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
|
Isolating/concatenative |
|
|
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
|
Case + referentiality |
|
|
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
|
4-5 categories per word |
|
|
Locus of Marking in the Clause
|
Double marking |
|
|
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
|
Double marking |
|
|
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
|
Double-marking |
|
|
Reduplication
|
Productive full and partial reduplication |
|
|
Case Syncretism
|
No syncretism |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
Not syncretic |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Number of Genders
|
None |
|
|
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
|
No gender |
|
|
Systems of Gender Assignment
|
No gender |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
Person-number stem |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
Inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
No person marking |
|
|
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
|
Two-way contrast |
|
|
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
|
Identical |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
No gender distinctions |
|
|
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
|
No politeness distinction |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
No person marking |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
No morphological case-marking |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical |
|
|
Comitatives and Instrumentals
|
Differentiation |
|
|
Ordinal Numerals
|
One-th, two-th, three-th |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Obligatory Possessive Inflection
|
Absent |
|
|
Possessive Classification
|
No possessive classification |
|
|
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
|
Differentiation |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
|
No grammatical marking |
|
|
The Past Tense
|
No past tense |
|
|
The Future Tense
|
No inflectional future |
|
|
The Perfect
|
Other perfect |
|
|
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
|
Mixed type |
|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
Second person number-neutral |
|
|
The Prohibitive
|
Special imperative + special negative |
|
|
Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Neither type of system |
|
|
The Optative
|
Inflectional optative absent |
|
|
Situational Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
|
|
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
|
No overlap |
|
|
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
|
Indirect only |
|
|
Coding of Evidentiality
|
Verbal affix or clitic |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
VS |
|
|
Order of Object and Verb
|
VO |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Prepositions |
|
|
Order of Genitive and Noun
|
Noun-Genitive |
|
|
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
|
Initial subordinator word |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
VO and Prepositions |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Neutral |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
No person marking |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
No person marking |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
|
|
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
|
Mixed |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Absent |
|
|
Antipassive Constructions
|
Oblique patient |
|
|
Applicative Constructions
|
Benefactive and other; both bases |
|
|
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Morphological but no compound |
|
|
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Both |
|
|
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
A/Cat |
|
|
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
|
Predicate negation also present |
|
|
Predicative Adjectives
|
Verbal encoding |
|
|
Nominal and Locational Predication
|
Different |
|
|
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
|
Impossible |
|
| Complex Sentences |
|---|
|
Relativization on Subjects
|
Gap |
|
|
Purpose Clauses
|
Balanced |
|
|
'When' Clauses
|
Balanced |
|
|
Reason Clauses
|
Balanced |
|
| Lexicon |
|---|
|
Numeral Bases
|
Decimal |
|
|
M-T Pronouns
|
No M-T pronouns |
|
|
N-M Pronouns
|
No N-M pronouns |
|
