| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Moderately small |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Average (5-6) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
Average |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
No voicing constrast |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
None |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
No glottalized consonants |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
No velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast absent |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
None |
|
|
Syllable Structure
|
Complex |
|
|
Tone
|
Simple tone system |
|
|
Fixed Stress Locations
|
No fixed stress |
|
|
Weight-Sensitive Stress
|
Right-oriented: One of the last three |
|
|
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
|
Combined |
|
|
Rhythm Types
|
Iambic |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
All present |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
None |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Case Syncretism
|
No case marking |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
Not syncretic |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Number of Genders
|
Two |
|
|
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
|
Non-sex-based |
|
|
Systems of Gender Assignment
|
Semantic |
|
|
Coding of Nominal Plurality
|
Plural suffix |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
Person-number affixes |
|
|
Definite Articles
|
Demonstrative word used as definite article |
|
|
Indefinite Articles
|
No indefinite, but definite article |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
Inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
Only inclusive |
|
|
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
|
Three-way contrast |
|
|
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
|
Identical |
|
|
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
|
Unrelated |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
3rd person singular only |
|
|
Indefinite Pronouns
|
Interrogative-based |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
No adpositions |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
Exclusively borderline case-marking |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
Subtractive-quantitatively asymmetrical |
|
|
Position of Case Affixes
|
Case suffixes |
|
|
Ordinal Numerals
|
First, two-th, three-th |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Noun Phrase Conjunction
|
'And' different from 'with' |
|
|
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
|
Identity |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
Second singular and second plural |
|
|
The Prohibitive
|
Special imperative + special negative |
|
|
Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Maximal system |
|
|
The Optative
|
Inflectional optative absent |
|
|
Situational Possibility
|
Verbal constructions |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
|
|
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
|
No overlap |
|
|
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
|
Indirect only |
|
|
Coding of Evidentiality
|
Modal morpheme |
|
|
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
|
None |
|
|
Verbal Number and Suppletion
|
Singular-plural pairs, suppletion |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject, Object and Verb
|
No dominant order |
|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
No dominant order |
|
|
Order of Object and Verb
|
VO |
|
|
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
|
No dominant order |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Prepositions |
|
|
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
|
Demonstrative-Noun |
|
|
Order of Degree Word and Adjective
|
Degree word-Adjective |
|
|
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
|
Initial subordinator word |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
VO and Prepositions |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Hierarchical |
|
|
Expression of Pronominal Subjects
|
Subject clitics on variable host |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
Both the A and P arguments |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
Zero in all 3sg forms |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
Both orders of A and P occur |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Present |
|
|
Antipassive Constructions
|
No antipassive |
|
|
Applicative Constructions
|
Benefactive object; both bases |
|
|
Periphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Sequential but no purposive |
|
|
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Morphological but no compound |
|
|
Negative Morphemes
|
Negative particle |
|
|
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Both |
|
|
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
A/Cat |
|
| Complex Sentences |
|---|
|
Relativization on Subjects
|
Gap |
|
|
Purpose Clauses
|
Balanced/deranked |
|
|
Reason Clauses
|
Balanced/deranked |
|
| Lexicon |
|---|
|
Hand and Arm
|
Different |
|
|
Finger and Hand
|
Different |
|
|
Tea
|
Others |
|
