| Phonology |
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Consonant Inventories
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Large |
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Vowel Quality Inventories
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Small (2-4) |
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Consonant-Vowel Ratio
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High |
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Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
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No voicing constrast |
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Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
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Other |
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Uvular Consonants
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Uvular stops and continuants |
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Glottalized Consonants
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Ejectives only |
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Lateral Consonants
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No /l/, but lateral obstruents |
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The Velar Nasal
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No velar nasal |
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Vowel Nasalization
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Contrast absent |
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Front Rounded Vowels
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None |
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Syllable Structure
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Complex |
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Tone
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Simple tone system |
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Absence of Common Consonants
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No bilabials |
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Presence of Uncommon Consonants
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None |
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| Morphology |
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Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
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Exclusively concatenative |
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Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
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Monoexponential case |
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Locus of Marking in the Clause
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Head marking |
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Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
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Head marking |
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Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
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Head-marking |
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Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
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Equal prefixing and suffixing |
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Case Syncretism
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No case marking |
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Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
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Not syncretic |
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| Nominal Categories |
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Coding of Nominal Plurality
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Plural suffix |
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Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
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Person-number stem |
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Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
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No inclusive/exclusive |
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Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
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No inclusive/exclusive |
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Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
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Four-way contrast |
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Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
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No gender distinctions |
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Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
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No politeness distinction |
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Person Marking on Adpositions
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Pronouns and nouns |
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Number of Cases
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8-9 cases |
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Asymmetrical Case-Marking
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Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical |
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Position of Case Affixes
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Case suffixes |
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Comitatives and Instrumentals
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Differentiation |
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Numeral Classifiers
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Obligatory |
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Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
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Possessive prefixes |
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| Nominal Syntax |
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Obligatory Possessive Inflection
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Absent |
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Possessive Classification
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Two classes |
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Noun Phrase Conjunction
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'And' different from 'with' |
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| Verbal Categories |
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Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
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Mixed type |
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The Morphological Imperative
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No second-person imperatives |
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Situational Possibility
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Affixes on verbs |
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Epistemic Possibility
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Other |
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Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
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No overlap |
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Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
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No grammatical evidentials |
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Coding of Evidentiality
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No grammatical evidentials |
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| Word Order |
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Order of Subject, Object and Verb
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SOV |
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Order of Subject and Verb
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SV |
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Order of Object and Verb
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OV |
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Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
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Postpositions |
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Order of Genitive and Noun
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Genitive-Noun |
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Order of Adjective and Noun
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No dominant order |
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Order of Demonstrative and Noun
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Demonstrative-Noun |
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Order of Numeral and Noun
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Numeral-Noun |
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Order of Relative Clause and Noun
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Relative clause-Noun |
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Order of Degree Word and Adjective
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Degree word-Adjective |
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Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
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Final subordinator word |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
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OV and Postpositions |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
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OV and RelN |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
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Other |
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| Simple Clauses |
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Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
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Active |
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Expression of Pronominal Subjects
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Subject affixes on verb |
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Verbal Person Marking
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Both the A and P arguments |
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Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
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Zero in all 3rd person forms |
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Order of Person Markers on the Verb
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P precedes A |
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Passive Constructions
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Absent |
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Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
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Morphological but no compound |
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Negative Morphemes
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Negative particle |
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Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
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Both |
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Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
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A/NonReal and A/Cat |
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Predicative Adjectives
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Verbal encoding |
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Nominal and Locational Predication
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Identical |
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Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
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Impossible |
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| Lexicon |
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Numeral Bases
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Decimal |
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M-T Pronouns
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No M-T pronouns |
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N-M Pronouns
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No N-M pronouns |
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