| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Moderately small |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Average (5-6) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
Moderately low |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
No voicing constrast |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
Other |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
None |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
No glottalized consonants |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
No laterals |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
No velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast present |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
High and mid |
|
|
Syllable Structure
|
Moderately complex |
|
|
Tone
|
No tones |
|
|
Fixed Stress Locations
|
Ultimate |
|
|
Weight-Sensitive Stress
|
Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) |
|
|
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
|
No weight |
|
|
Rhythm Types
|
No rhythmic stress |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
No fricatives |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
None |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
|
Exclusively isolating |
|
|
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
|
No case |
|
|
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
|
4-5 categories per word |
|
|
Locus of Marking in the Clause
|
Head marking |
|
|
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
|
Head marking |
|
|
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
|
Head-marking |
|
|
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
|
Little affixation |
|
|
Reduplication
|
Productive full and partial reduplication |
|
|
Case Syncretism
|
No case marking |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
No subject person/number marking |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Number of Genders
|
Three |
|
|
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
|
Sex-based |
|
|
Systems of Gender Assignment
|
Semantic |
|
|
Coding of Nominal Plurality
|
Plural word |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
No independent subject pronouns |
|
|
Definite Articles
|
No definite or indefinite article |
|
|
Indefinite Articles
|
No definite or indefinite article |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
Inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
Inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
|
Three-way contrast |
|
|
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
|
Different stem |
|
|
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
|
Unrelated |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
3rd person only, but also non-singular |
|
|
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
|
No politeness distinction |
|
|
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
|
Differentiated |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
Pronouns and nouns |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
No morphological case-marking |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
No case-marking |
|
|
Position of Case Affixes
|
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
|
|
Ordinal Numerals
|
None |
|
|
Distributive Numerals
|
No distributive numerals |
|
|
Numeral Classifiers
|
Absent |
|
|
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
|
Formally different |
|
|
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
|
Possessive suffixes |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Obligatory Possessive Inflection
|
Absent |
|
|
Possessive Classification
|
Three to five classes |
|
|
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses
|
Highly differentiated |
|
|
Adjectives without Nouns
|
Without marking |
|
|
Action Nominal Constructions
|
No action nominals |
|
|
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
|
Identity |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
|
No grammatical marking |
|
|
The Past Tense
|
No past tense |
|
|
The Future Tense
|
No inflectional future |
|
|
The Perfect
|
No perfect |
|
|
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
|
No tense-aspect inflection |
|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
No second-person imperatives |
|
|
The Prohibitive
|
Normal imperative + special negative |
|
|
The Optative
|
Inflectional optative absent |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
|
|
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
|
No grammatical evidentials |
|
|
Coding of Evidentiality
|
No grammatical evidentials |
|
|
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
|
None |
|
|
Verbal Number and Suppletion
|
Singular-plural pairs, suppletion |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject, Object and Verb
|
VOS |
|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
VS |
|
|
Order of Object and Verb
|
VO |
|
|
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
|
VOX |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Prepositions |
|
|
Order of Genitive and Noun
|
Noun-Genitive |
|
|
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
|
Noun-Demonstrative |
|
|
Order of Numeral and Noun
|
Numeral only modifies verb |
|
|
Order of Relative Clause and Noun
|
Noun-Relative clause |
|
|
Order of Degree Word and Adjective
|
No dominant order |
|
|
Position of Polar Question Particles
|
No question particle |
|
|
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
|
Initial interrogative phrase |
|
|
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
|
Initial subordinator word |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
VO and Prepositions |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
|
VO and NRel |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
|
None |
|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Accusative |
|
|
Expression of Pronominal Subjects
|
Subject pronouns in different position |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
Both the A and P arguments |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
No zero realization |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
A precedes P |
|
|
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
|
Secondary-object construction |
|
|
Reciprocal Constructions
|
Identical to reflexive |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Present |
|
|
Antipassive Constructions
|
No antipassive |
|
|
Applicative Constructions
|
No applicative construction |
|
|
Periphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Purposive but no sequential |
|
|
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Compound but no morphological |
|
|
Negative Morphemes
|
Negative word, unclear if verb or particle |
|
|
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Asymmetric |
|
|
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
A/Fin |
|
|
Polar Questions
|
Interrogative intonation only |
|
|
Comparative Constructions
|
Conjoined |
|
| Complex Sentences |
|---|
|
Relativization on Subjects
|
Gap |
|
|
Relativization on Obliques
|
Gap |
|
|
Purpose Clauses
|
Balanced |
|
|
'When' Clauses
|
Balanced/deranked |
|
|
Reason Clauses
|
Balanced/deranked |
|
|
Utterance Complement Clauses
|
Balanced |
|
| Lexicon |
|---|
|
Numeral Bases
|
Restricted |
|
|
M-T Pronouns
|
No M-T pronouns |
|
|
N-M Pronouns
|
N-M pronouns, paradigmatic |
|
