| Language: | Thai |
| Feature: | Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns by Johannes Helmbrecht |
| Value: | Pronouns avoided for politeness |
|
câw´ |
2nd sg. infer. |
- affectionate term speaking to inferior or equal; - obsolete: speaking of king to subject; - paired with khâa´ and raw´; - etymologically a noun meaning 'prince, lord' or 'guy, fellow'; - also used as a title placed before first names of a child or an inferior |
|
ˀeŋ´ |
2nd sg. infer. |
- speaking to inferior; assertive and non -restraint term, male speaking to intimate male; - paired with khâa´ |
|
faa´ baad´ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
-literally meaning: 'sole of foot', speaking to royalitiy (medium or lower ranks) |
|
faa´phrá baad´ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
-literally meaning: 'sole of royal foot', speaking to royalty (higer ranks) |
|
juu´ |
2nd sg. fam. |
-English loan from you; speaking to a friend (belonging to a group which feels identity with English speech and culture); paired withˀaj´ |
|
kɛɛ´ |
2nd sg. infer. |
-speaking to inferior; - non-restraint term used by females; - impolite if used to kin or non-intimates - paired with raw´; used as a 3rd person pronoun |
|
khun´ |
2nd sg. hon. |
-etymologically related to khun´ meaning 'virtue, merit'; - gerneral polite term used to address equals and superiors; - paired with phôm´, dichǎn´, and chǎn´; - used as a noun, it means approximately 'lady, gentleman' |
|
lýý |
2nd sg. infer. |
-Chinese loan; speaking to lower class Chinese; - non-restraint term, male speaking to intimate male; - paired with ˀúa´ |
|
myŋ´ |
2nd sg. rude |
-strong non-restraint term, male speaking to intimate male among adolescents; - usually considered crude; - paired with kuu´ |
|
naaj´ |
2nd sg. |
-literally 'master, mistress'; generally friendly term used by males to male equals, but also male to females (adolescents); - paired with raw´ |
|
phanáˀ´thân´ |
2nd sg. Hhon. |
-highly deferential term addressing high ranking non-royalty (ministers in the government); - than´ is also used as noun classifier designating royalty of midddle and lower rank; used also as title |
|
phráˀoŋ´ |
2nd sg. hon. |
- term used by royalty in addressing other royalty of approximately equal rank (not used by commoners to address royalty); - also used as noun classifier designating high ranking royalty, deity or the Buddha |
|
raw´ |
2nd sg. infer. |
-this is a 1st plural form having also a 2nd person reference (cf. nursery we in Engl.); - identification of speaker with addressee, speaking to inferiors (adults to children) |
|
tâaj fàa´laˀɔɔŋ´phrá bàad´ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
- literally 'dust under sole of royal foot'; speaking to royalty (persons next in rank to the king); - pronominal status is doubtful |
|
tâaj fàa´laˀɔɔŋ´thúlii´phrá bàad´ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
- literally 'dust under sole of royal foot'; speaking to king; pronominal status is doubtful |
|
tâaj fàa´phrá bàad´ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
- litrerally 'underneath sole of royal foot'; speaking to highranking royalty; pronominal status is doubtful |
|
tâaj tháaw´ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
- literallay 'underneath foot'; highly deferential term used in addressing high ranking superiors; - paired with kraphǒm´; - pronominal status is doubtful |
|
thân´ |
2nd sg. hhon. |
- highly deferntial term speaking to superiors such as priests, high officials, and others who deserve special respect; speaking to royalty, especially of lower rank; used also as 3rd person pronoun with the same respect categories; - used also as a noun classifier designating highly respected persons; used as a title placed before names or kin terms |
|
thəə´ |
2nd sg. infer. |
- speaking to inferior, particularly female teacher to pupil, or older to younger kin; paired with chǎn´; - speaking to intimate equal; paired with chǎn´and raw´; - used also as a third person pronoun |
|
tua´ |
2nd sg. intim. |
- etymologically a noun meaning 'self, body'; affectionate or intimate term, speaking to equal or inferior not older than speaker; - paired with chǎn´, raw´, khǎw´; child or young woman speaking to intimate |