Family: Nilo-Saharan
Subfamily: Central Sudanic
Genus: Bongo-Bagirmi

Bagirmi

WALS coordinates: 11° 40′ N, 16° E

spoken in Chad

Find examples here.

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:	Bagirmi
Ruhlen:	Bagirmi
Routledge:	Barma
Other:
ISO 639-3:	bmi (article in Wikipedia)

Features

ID	Feature	Value	Area
1A	Consonant Inventories	Moderately large	Phonology	comment
2A	Vowel Quality Inventories	Large (7-14)	Phonology	comment
3A	Consonant-Vowel Ratio	Average	Phonology	comment
4A	Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives	In plosives alone	Phonology	comment
5A	Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems	None missing in /p t k b d g/	Phonology	comment
6A	Uvular Consonants	None	Phonology	comment
7A	Glottalized Consonants	Implosives only	Phonology	comment
8A	Lateral Consonants	/l/, no obstruent laterals	Phonology	comment
9A	The Velar Nasal	Initial velar nasal	Phonology	comment examples
10A	Vowel Nasalization	Contrast present	Phonology	comment
11A	Front Rounded Vowels	None	Phonology	comment
12A	Syllable Structure	Moderately complex	Phonology	comment
13A	Tone	Complex tone system	Phonology	comment
14A	Fixed Stress Locations	Ultimate	Phonology	comment
15A	Weight-Sensitive Stress	Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)	Phonology	comment
16A	Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems	No weight	Phonology	comment
18A	Absence of Common Consonants	All present	Phonology	comment
19A	Presence of Uncommon Consonants	None	Phonology	comment
20A	Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives	Exclusively concatenative	Morphology	comment
21A	Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives	No case	Morphology	comment
21B	Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection	TAM+agreement	Morphology	comment
22A	Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb	6-7 categories per word	Morphology	comment
23A	Locus of Marking in the Clause	Head marking	Morphology	comment
24A	Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases	No marking	Morphology	comment
25A	Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology	Inconsistent or other	Morphology	comment
25B	Zero Marking of A and P Arguments	Non-zero marking	Morphology	comment
26A	Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology	Weakly suffixing	Morphology	comment
27A	Reduplication	Full reduplication only	Morphology	comment
28A	Case Syncretism	No case marking	Morphology	comment
29A	Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking	Syncretic	Morphology	comment
30A	Number of Genders	None	Nominal Categories	comment
31A	Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems	No gender	Nominal Categories	comment
32A	Systems of Gender Assignment	No gender	Nominal Categories	comment
33A	Coding of Nominal Plurality	Plural clitic	Nominal Categories	comment
34A	Occurrence of Nominal Plurality	All nouns, always obligatory	Nominal Categories	comment
35A	Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns	Person-number stem + nominal plural affix	Nominal Categories	comment
37A	Definite Articles	Definite word distinct from demonstrative	Nominal Categories	comment
38A	Indefinite Articles	No indefinite, but definite article	Nominal Categories	comment
39A	Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns	No inclusive/exclusive	Nominal Categories	comment examples
40A	Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection	No person marking	Nominal Categories	comment
43A	Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives	Unrelated	Nominal Categories	comment examples
44A	Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns	No gender distinctions	Nominal Categories	comment
45A	Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns	No politeness distinction	Nominal Categories	comment
46A	Indefinite Pronouns	Generic-noun-based	Nominal Categories	comment
47A	Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns	Identical	Nominal Categories	comment
48A	Person Marking on Adpositions	Pronouns only	Nominal Categories	comment
49A	Number of Cases	No morphological case-marking	Nominal Categories	comment
50A	Asymmetrical Case-Marking	No case-marking	Nominal Categories	comment
51A	Position of Case Affixes	No case affixes or adpositional clitics	Nominal Categories	comment
52A	Comitatives and Instrumentals	Differentiation	Nominal Categories	comment examples
57A	Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes	Possessive suffixes	Nominal Categories	comment
58A	Obligatory Possessive Inflection	Absent	Nominal Syntax	comment
58B	Number of Possessive Nouns	None reported	Nominal Syntax	comment
59A	Possessive Classification	No possessive classification	Nominal Syntax	comment
64A	Nominal and Verbal Conjunction	Differentiation	Nominal Syntax	comment
65A	Perfective/Imperfective Aspect	Grammatical marking	Verbal Categories	comment
66A	The Past Tense	No past tense	Verbal Categories	comment
67A	The Future Tense	No inflectional future	Verbal Categories	comment
68A	The Perfect	No perfect	Verbal Categories	comment
69A	Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes	Mixed type	Verbal Categories	comment
70A	The Morphological Imperative	No second-person imperatives	Verbal Categories	comment
71A	The Prohibitive	Normal imperative + normal negative	Verbal Categories	comment
72A	Imperative-Hortative Systems	Neither type of system	Verbal Categories	comment
73A	The Optative	Inflectional optative absent	Verbal Categories	comment
74A	Situational Possibility	Verbal constructions	Verbal Categories	comment
79A	Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect	None	Verbal Categories	comment
79B	Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives	None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)	Verbal Categories	comment
80A	Verbal Number and Suppletion	None	Verbal Categories	comment
81A	Order of Subject, Object and Verb	SVO	Word Order	comment
82A	Order of Subject and Verb	SV	Word Order	comment
83A	Order of Object and Verb	VO	Word Order	comment
84A	Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb	VOX	Word Order	comment
85A	Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase	Prepositions	Word Order	comment
86A	Order of Genitive and Noun	Noun-Genitive	Word Order	comment
87A	Order of Adjective and Noun	Noun-Adjective	Word Order	comment
88A	Order of Demonstrative and Noun	Noun-Demonstrative	Word Order	comment
89A	Order of Numeral and Noun	Noun-Numeral	Word Order	comment
90A	Order of Relative Clause and Noun	Noun-Relative clause	Word Order	comment
90C	Postnominal relative clauses	Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant	Word Order	comment
92A	Position of Polar Question Particles	Final	Word Order	comment
93A	Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions	Not initial interrogative phrase	Word Order	comment
94A	Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause	Initial subordinator word	Word Order	comment
95A	Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase	VO and Prepositions	Word Order	comment
96A	Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun	VO and NRel	Word Order	comment
97A	Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun	VO and NAdj	Word Order	comment
98A	Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases	Neutral	Simple Clauses	comment examples
100A	Alignment of Verbal Person Marking	Accusative	Simple Clauses	comment
102A	Verbal Person Marking	Both the A and P arguments	Simple Clauses	comment
103A	Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking	No zero realization	Simple Clauses	comment
104A	Order of Person Markers on the Verb	A precedes P	Simple Clauses	comment
105A	Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'	Indirect-object construction	Simple Clauses	comment
106A	Reciprocal Constructions	Distinct from reflexive	Simple Clauses	comment examples
107A	Passive Constructions	Absent	Simple Clauses	comment
108A	Antipassive Constructions	No antipassive	Simple Clauses	comment
108B	Productivity of the Antipassive Construction	no antipassive	Simple Clauses	comment
109A	Applicative Constructions	No applicative construction	Simple Clauses	comment
109B	Other Roles of Applied Objects	No applicative construction	Simple Clauses	comment
110A	Periphrastic Causative Constructions	Sequential but no purposive	Simple Clauses	comment
111A	Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions	Neither	Simple Clauses	comment
112A	Negative Morphemes	Negative particle	Simple Clauses	comment
113A	Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation	Both	Simple Clauses	comment
114A	Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation	A/Cat	Simple Clauses	comment
115A	Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation	Predicate negation also present	Simple Clauses	comment
116A	Polar Questions	Question particle	Simple Clauses	comment
118A	Predicative Adjectives	Verbal encoding	Simple Clauses	comment
119A	Nominal and Locational Predication	Different	Simple Clauses	comment
120A	Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals	Possible	Simple Clauses	comment
122A	Relativization on Subjects	Gap	Complex Sentences	comment
123A	Relativization on Obliques	Pronoun-retention	Complex Sentences	comment
124A	'Want' Complement Subjects	Subject is expressed overtly	Complex Sentences	comment
131A	Numeral Bases	Decimal	Lexicon	comment
136A	M-T Pronouns	No M-T pronouns	Lexicon	comment
136B	M in First Person Singular	m in first person singular	Lexicon	comment
137A	N-M Pronouns	No N-M pronouns	Lexicon	comment
137B	M in Second Person Singular	No m in second person singular	Lexicon	comment
143A	Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb	VNeg	Word Order	comment
143E	Preverbal Negative Morphemes	None	Word Order	comment
143F	Postverbal Negative Morphemes	VNeg	Word Order	comment
143G	Minor morphological means of signaling negation	None	Word Order	comment
144A	Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb	SVONeg	Word Order	comment
144B	Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb	End, not immed postverbal	Word Order	comment
144D	The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages	SVONeg	Word Order	comment
144H	NegSVO Order	No NegSVO	Word Order	comment
144I	SNegVO Order	No SNegVO	Word Order	comment
144J	SVNegO Order	No SVNegO	Word Order	comment
144K	SVONeg Order	NoDoubleNeg	Word Order	comment