| 9A |
The Velar Nasal |
No velar nasal |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 10A |
Vowel Nasalization |
Contrast present |
Phonology |
|
comment
examples
|
| 20A |
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
Exclusively concatenative |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21A |
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
Monoexponential case |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21B |
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection |
monoexponential TAM |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 22A |
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb |
4-5 categories per word |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 23A |
Locus of Marking in the Clause |
Double marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 24A |
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases |
Head marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25A |
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology |
Inconsistent or other |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25B |
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments |
Non-zero marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 26A |
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology |
Strongly suffixing |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 27A |
Reduplication |
No productive reduplication |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 28A |
Case Syncretism |
No case marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 29A |
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking |
Not syncretic |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 30A |
Number of Genders |
Three |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 31A |
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems |
Sex-based |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 32A |
Systems of Gender Assignment |
Semantic |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 33A |
Coding of Nominal Plurality |
Plural suffix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 34A |
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality |
All nouns, always obligatory |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 35A |
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns |
Person stem + nominal plural affix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 36A |
The Associative Plural |
Unique periphrastic associative plural |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 39A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns |
Inclusive/exclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 40A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 41A |
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives |
Three-way contrast |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 42A |
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives |
Identical |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 43A |
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives |
Related to remote demonstratives |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 44A |
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns |
3rd person singular only |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 45A |
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns |
No politeness distinction |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 48A |
Person Marking on Adpositions |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 49A |
Number of Cases |
2 cases |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 50A |
Asymmetrical Case-Marking |
Symmetrical |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
Case suffixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 52A |
Comitatives and Instrumentals |
Identity |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 53A |
Ordinal Numerals |
None |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 57A |
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes |
No possessive affixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 58A |
Obligatory Possessive Inflection |
Exists |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 58B |
Number of Possessive Nouns |
None reported |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 59A |
Possessive Classification |
Two classes |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 62A |
Action Nominal Constructions |
Sentential |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
examples
|
| 65A |
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect |
No grammatical marking |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 66A |
The Past Tense |
Present, 2-3 remoteness distinctions |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 67A |
The Future Tense |
No inflectional future |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 68A |
The Perfect |
No perfect |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 69A |
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes |
Tense-aspect suffixes |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 70A |
The Morphological Imperative |
Second person number-neutral |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 71A |
The Prohibitive |
Normal imperative + normal negative |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 72A |
Imperative-Hortative Systems |
Maximal system |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 73A |
The Optative |
Inflectional optative absent |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 74A |
Situational Possibility |
Verbal constructions |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 75A |
Epistemic Possibility |
Other |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 76A |
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking |
No overlap |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 77A |
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality |
Direct and indirect |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 78A |
Coding of Evidentiality |
Part of the tense system |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79A |
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79B |
Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives |
None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 80A |
Verbal Number and Suppletion |
Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
OV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 84A |
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb |
OXV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Postpositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
Genitive-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Demonstrative-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Numeral-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Noun-Relative clause |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90C |
Postnominal relative clauses |
Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
No question particle |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 93A |
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions |
Initial interrogative phrase |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 94A |
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause |
Subordinating suffix |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
OV and Postpositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
OV and NRel |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
Other |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 98A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases |
Nominative - accusative (standard) |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 99A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns |
Nominative - accusative (standard) |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 100A |
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking |
Accusative |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 101A |
Expression of Pronominal Subjects |
Subject affixes on verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 102A |
Verbal Person Marking |
Only the A argument |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 103A |
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking |
Zero only in 3rd nonsingular |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 104A |
Order of Person Markers on the Verb |
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 105A |
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' |
Secondary-object construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 107A |
Passive Constructions |
Absent |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 108A |
Antipassive Constructions |
No antipassive |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 108B |
Productivity of the Antipassive Construction |
no antipassive |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 109A |
Applicative Constructions |
No applicative construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 109B |
Other Roles of Applied Objects |
No applicative construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 111A |
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions |
Morphological but no compound |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 112A |
Negative Morphemes |
Negative affix |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 113A |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Symmetric |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 114A |
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Non-assignable |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 115A |
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation |
Negative existential construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Interrogative verb morphology |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 118A |
Predicative Adjectives |
Mixed |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 119A |
Nominal and Locational Predication |
Identical |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 120A |
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals |
Impossible |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 122A |
Relativization on Subjects |
Gap |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 123A |
Relativization on Obliques |
Gap |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 125A |
Purpose Clauses |
Deranked |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 126A |
'When' Clauses |
Deranked |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 127A |
Reason Clauses |
Deranked |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 128A |
Utterance Complement Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 129A |
Hand and Arm |
Different |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 130A |
Finger and Hand |
Different |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 131A |
Numeral Bases |
Restricted |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 136A |
M-T Pronouns |
No M-T pronouns |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 136B |
M in First Person Singular |
No m in first person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 137A |
N-M Pronouns |
No N-M pronouns |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 137B |
M in Second Person Singular |
m in second person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
[V-Neg] |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
[V-Neg] |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
