1. Family: Chibchan
  2. Genus: Aruak

Ika

WALS coordinates: 10° 40′ N, 73° 45′ W

spoken in Colombia

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Ica
Routledge:
    Other:
    • Ica,
    • Ika (Colombia)
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Moderately small
    Vowel Quality Inventories Large (7-14)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio Moderately low
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In plosives alone
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems None missing in /p t k b d g/
    Uvular Consonants None
    Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
    Lateral Consonants No laterals
    The Velar Nasal No velar nasal
    Front Rounded Vowels None
    Syllable Structure Moderately complex
    Tone No tones
    Absence of Common Consonants All present
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
    Morphology
    Locus of Marking in the Clause No marking
    Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Dependent marking
    Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Inconsistent or other
    Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Weakly suffixing
    Reduplication No productive reduplication
    Case Syncretism No syncretism
    Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Syncretic
    Nominal Categories
    Number of Genders None
    Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems No gender
    Systems of Gender Assignment No gender
    Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural word
    Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix
    Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article
    Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns No inclusive/exclusive
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection No inclusive/exclusive
    Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Three-way contrast
    Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives Unrelated
    Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions
    Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking
    Number of Cases 6-7 cases
    Asymmetrical Case-Marking Symmetrical
    Position of Case Affixes Postpositional clitics
    Ordinal Numerals None
    Numeral Classifiers Absent
    Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers Formally different
    Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes Possessive prefixes
    Nominal Syntax
    Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses Highly differentiated
    Action Nominal Constructions No action nominals
    Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Differentiation
    Verbal Categories
    Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
    The Morphological Imperative No second-person imperatives
    The Prohibitive Normal imperative + special negative
    Imperative-Hortative Systems Neither type of system
    The Optative Inflectional optative absent
    Situational Possibility Affixes on verbs
    Epistemic Possibility Affixes on verbs
    Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking Overlap for either possibility or necessity
    Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Direct and indirect
    Coding of Evidentiality Mixed
    Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect Aspect
    Verbal Number and Suppletion None
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb SOV
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb OV
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
    Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
    Order of Numeral and Noun No dominant order
    Order of Relative Clause and Noun Internally headed
    Order of Degree Word and Adjective Degree word-Adjective
    Position of Polar Question Particles Final
    Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Subordinating suffix
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase OV and Postpositions
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Other
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun OV and NAdj
    Simple Clauses
    Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Ergative - absolutive
    Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Active
    Expression of Pronominal Subjects Subject affixes on verb
    Verbal Person Marking Both the A and P arguments
    Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking Zero in all 3sg forms
    Order of Person Markers on the Verb A precedes P
    Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Mixed
    Reciprocal Constructions Identical to reflexive
    Passive Constructions Absent
    Antipassive Constructions No antipassive
    Applicative Constructions Benefactive and other; both bases
    Periphrastic Causative Constructions Purposive but no sequential
    Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound
    Negative Morphemes Negative affix
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Asymmetric
    Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation A/Fin
    Polar Questions Mixture of previous two types
    Complex Sentences
    Relativization on Subjects Non-reduction
    Relativization on Obliques Non-reduction
    'Want' Complement Subjects Subject is left implicit
    Purpose Clauses Deranked
    'When' Clauses Deranked
    Reason Clauses Balanced
    Utterance Complement Clauses Balanced
    Lexicon
    Hand and Arm Identical
    Finger and Hand Different
    Numeral Bases Decimal