Ingush

WALS coordinates: 43° 10′ N, 45° 5′ E

spoken in Russia

Find examples here.

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Ingush
Routledge:
Other:
ISO 639-3:

Features

ID Feature Value Area References  
1A Consonant Inventories Large Phonology
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2A Vowel Quality Inventories Average (5-6) Phonology
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3A Consonant-Vowel Ratio High Phonology
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4A Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In both plosives and fricatives Phonology
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5A Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems None missing in /p t k b d g/ Phonology
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6A Uvular Consonants Uvular stops and continuants Phonology
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7A Glottalized Consonants Ejectives only Phonology
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8A Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals Phonology
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9A The Velar Nasal No velar nasal Phonology
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10A Vowel Nasalization Contrast absent Phonology
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11A Front Rounded Vowels None Phonology
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12A Syllable Structure Complex Phonology
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13A Tone No tones Phonology
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14A Fixed Stress Locations Initial Phonology
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15A Weight-Sensitive Stress Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) Phonology
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16A Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems No weight Phonology
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18A Absence of Common Consonants All present Phonology
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19A Presence of Uncommon Consonants Pharyngeals Phonology
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20A Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Exclusively concatenative Morphology
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21A Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives Monoexponential case Morphology
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21B Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection monoexponential TAM Morphology
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22A Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb 10-11 categories per word Morphology
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23A Locus of Marking in the Clause Double marking Morphology
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24A Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Dependent marking Morphology
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25A Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Inconsistent or other Morphology
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25B Zero Marking of A and P Arguments Non-zero marking Morphology
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26A Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Strongly suffixing Morphology
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28A Case Syncretism Core and non-core Morphology
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29A Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Not syncretic Morphology
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30A Number of Genders Five or more Nominal Categories
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31A Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems Sex-based Nominal Categories
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32A Systems of Gender Assignment Semantic and formal Nominal Categories
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33A Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural suffix Nominal Categories
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35A Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number stem Nominal Categories
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36A The Associative Plural No associative plural Nominal Categories
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37A Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article Nominal Categories
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38A Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article Nominal Categories
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39A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns Inclusive/exclusive Nominal Categories
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40A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection No person marking Nominal Categories
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41A Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Two-way contrast Nominal Categories
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43A Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives Unrelated Nominal Categories
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examples
44A Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions Nominal Categories
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47A Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Identical Nominal Categories
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48A Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking Nominal Categories
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49A Number of Cases 10 or more cases Nominal Categories
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50A Asymmetrical Case-Marking Syncretism in relevant NP-types Nominal Categories
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51A Position of Case Affixes Case suffixes Nominal Categories
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53A Ordinal Numerals First, two-th, three-th Nominal Categories
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54A Distributive Numerals Marked by reduplication Nominal Categories
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55A Numeral Classifiers Absent Nominal Categories
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56A Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers Formally similar, with interrogative Nominal Categories
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57A Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes No possessive affixes Nominal Categories
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58A Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent Nominal Syntax
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58B Number of Possessive Nouns None reported Nominal Syntax
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59A Possessive Classification No possessive classification Nominal Syntax
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60A Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses Highly differentiated Nominal Syntax
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61A Adjectives without Nouns Marked by suffix Nominal Syntax
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62A Action Nominal Constructions Sentential Nominal Syntax
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examples
69A Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes Verbal Categories
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70A The Morphological Imperative Second person number-neutral Verbal Categories
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examples
71A The Prohibitive Normal imperative + special negative Verbal Categories
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72A Imperative-Hortative Systems Maximal system Verbal Categories
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73A The Optative Inflectional optative present Verbal Categories
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examples
74A Situational Possibility Verbal constructions Verbal Categories
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77A Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Direct and indirect Verbal Categories
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78A Coding of Evidentiality Part of the tense system Verbal Categories
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79A Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect Tense and aspect Verbal Categories
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examples
79B Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives Imperative Verbal Categories
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80A Verbal Number and Suppletion Singular-plural pairs, suppletion Verbal Categories
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examples
82A Order of Subject and Verb SV Word Order
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85A Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions Word Order
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86A Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun Word Order
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87A Order of Adjective and Noun Adjective-Noun Word Order
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88A Order of Demonstrative and Noun Demonstrative-Noun Word Order
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89A Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun Word Order
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90A Order of Relative Clause and Noun Relative clause-Noun Word Order
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90B Prenominal relative clauses Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant Word Order
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92A Position of Polar Question Particles No question particle Word Order
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94A Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Subordinating suffix Word Order
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98A Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Ergative - absolutive Simple Clauses
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examples
99A Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Ergative - absolutive Simple Clauses
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examples
100A Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Neutral Simple Clauses
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101A Expression of Pronominal Subjects Obligatory pronouns in subject position Simple Clauses
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102A Verbal Person Marking No person marking Simple Clauses
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103A Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No person marking Simple Clauses
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104A Order of Person Markers on the Verb A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb Simple Clauses
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105A Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Indirect-object construction Simple Clauses
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107A Passive Constructions Absent Simple Clauses
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108A Antipassive Constructions No antipassive Simple Clauses
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108B Productivity of the Antipassive Construction no antipassive Simple Clauses
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109A Applicative Constructions No applicative construction Simple Clauses
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109B Other Roles of Applied Objects No applicative construction Simple Clauses
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111A Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound Simple Clauses
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112A Negative Morphemes Negative affix Simple Clauses
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113A Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Symmetric Simple Clauses
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114A Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation Non-assignable Simple Clauses
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116A Polar Questions Interrogative verb morphology Simple Clauses
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122A Relativization on Subjects Gap Complex Sentences
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123A Relativization on Obliques Gap Complex Sentences
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125A Purpose Clauses Deranked Complex Sentences
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126A 'When' Clauses Deranked Complex Sentences
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128A Utterance Complement Clauses Balanced/deranked Complex Sentences
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131A Numeral Bases Hybrid vigesimal-decimal Lexicon
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examples
136A M-T Pronouns No M-T pronouns Lexicon
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136B M in First Person Singular No m in first person singular Lexicon
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137A N-M Pronouns No N-M pronouns Lexicon
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137B M in Second Person Singular No m in second person singular Lexicon
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138A Tea Words derived from Sinitic cha Lexicon
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examples
142A Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks Logical meanings Other
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143A Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb [V-Neg] Word Order
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143E Preverbal Negative Morphemes None Word Order
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143F Postverbal Negative Morphemes [V-Neg] Word Order
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143G Minor morphological means of signaling negation None Word Order
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