Iraqw
WALS coordinates: 4° S, 35° 30′ E
spoken in Tanzania
Find examples here.
Alternative Names
| Ethnologue: | |
|---|---|
| Ruhlen: |
|
| Routledge: |
|
| Other: |
|
| ISO 639-3: |
Features
| ID | Feature | Value | Area | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1A | Consonant Inventories | Moderately large | Phonology | comment | |
| 2A | Vowel Quality Inventories | Average (5-6) | Phonology | comment | |
| 3A | Consonant-Vowel Ratio | High | Phonology | comment | |
| 4A | Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives | In plosives alone | Phonology | comment | |
| 5A | Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems | None missing in /p t k b d g/ | Phonology | comment | |
| 6A | Uvular Consonants | Uvular stops only | Phonology | comment | |
| 7A | Glottalized Consonants | Ejectives and implosives | Phonology | comment | |
| 8A | Lateral Consonants | /l/ and lateral obstruent | Phonology | comment | |
| 9A | The Velar Nasal | Initial velar nasal | Phonology | comment | |
| 10A | Vowel Nasalization | Contrast absent | Phonology | comment | |
| 11A | Front Rounded Vowels | None | Phonology | comment | |
| 12A | Syllable Structure | Moderately complex | Phonology | comment | |
| 13A | Tone | Simple tone system | Phonology | comment | |
| 14A | Fixed Stress Locations | No fixed stress | Phonology | comment | |
| 15A | Weight-Sensitive Stress | Combined: Right-edge and unbounded | Phonology | comment | |
| 16A | Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems | Combined | Phonology | comment | |
| 17A | Rhythm Types | No rhythmic stress | Phonology | comment | |
| 18A | Absence of Common Consonants | All present | Phonology | comment | |
| 19A | Presence of Uncommon Consonants | Pharyngeals | Phonology | comment | |
| 26A | Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology | Strongly suffixing | Morphology | comment | |
| 28A | Case Syncretism | No case marking | Morphology | comment | |
| 29A | Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking | Syncretic | Morphology |
comment
examples |
|
| 30A | Number of Genders | Two | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 31A | Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems | Sex-based | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 32A | Systems of Gender Assignment | Semantic and formal | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 33A | Coding of Nominal Plurality | Plural suffix | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 34A | Occurrence of Nominal Plurality | All nouns, always obligatory | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 35A | Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns | Person-number stem | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 37A | Definite Articles | No definite or indefinite article | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 38A | Indefinite Articles | No definite or indefinite article | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 39A | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns | No inclusive/exclusive | Nominal Categories |
comment
examples |
|
| 40A | Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection | No inclusive/exclusive | Nominal Categories |
comment
examples |
|
| 41A | Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives | Four-way contrast | Nominal Categories |
comment
examples |
|
| 42A | Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives | Different stem | Nominal Categories |
comment
examples |
|
| 43A | Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives | Unrelated | Nominal Categories |
comment
examples |
|
| 44A | Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns | 1st or 2nd person but not 3rd | Nominal Categories |
comment
examples |
|
| 45A | Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns | No politeness distinction | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 46A | Indefinite Pronouns | Generic-noun-based | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 48A | Person Marking on Adpositions | No person marking | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 49A | Number of Cases | Exclusively borderline case-marking | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 50A | Asymmetrical Case-Marking | Symmetrical | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 51A | Position of Case Affixes | No case affixes or adpositional clitics | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 52A | Comitatives and Instrumentals | Mixed | Nominal Categories |
comment
examples |
|
| 53A | Ordinal Numerals | First, two, three | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 54A | Distributive Numerals | Marked by reduplication | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 55A | Numeral Classifiers | Absent | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 56A | Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers | Formally similar, without interrogative | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 57A | Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes | Possessive suffixes | Nominal Categories | comment | |
| 60A | Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses | Highly differentiated | Nominal Syntax | comment | |
| 61A | Adjectives without Nouns | Marked by preceding word | Nominal Syntax |
comment
examples |
|
| 62A | Action Nominal Constructions | Restricted | Nominal Syntax |
comment
examples |
|
| 64A | Nominal and Verbal Conjunction | Identity | Nominal Syntax | comment | |
| 69A | Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes | No tense-aspect inflection | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 70A | The Morphological Imperative | Second singular and second plural | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 71A | The Prohibitive | Normal imperative + special negative | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 72A | Imperative-Hortative Systems | Maximal system | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 73A | The Optative | Inflectional optative absent | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 74A | Situational Possibility | Verbal constructions | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 75A | Epistemic Possibility | Other | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 76A | Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking | Overlap for either possibility or necessity | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 77A | Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality | No grammatical evidentials | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 78A | Coding of Evidentiality | No grammatical evidentials | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 79A | Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect | None | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 79B | Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives | A regular and a suppletive form alternate | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 80A | Verbal Number and Suppletion | None | Verbal Categories | comment | |
| 81A | Order of Subject, Object and Verb | SOV | Word Order | comment | |
| 82A | Order of Subject and Verb | SV | Word Order | comment | |
| 83A | Order of Object and Verb | OV | Word Order | comment | |
| 84A | Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb | No dominant order | Word Order | comment | |
| 85A | Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | Prepositions | Word Order | comment | |
| 86A | Order of Genitive and Noun | Noun-Genitive | Word Order | comment | |
| 87A | Order of Adjective and Noun | Noun-Adjective | Word Order | comment | |
| 88A | Order of Demonstrative and Noun | Noun-Demonstrative | Word Order | comment | |
| 89A | Order of Numeral and Noun | Noun-Numeral | Word Order | comment | |
| 90A | Order of Relative Clause and Noun | Noun-Relative clause | Word Order | comment | |
| 90C | Postnominal relative clauses | Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant | Word Order | comment | |
| 92A | Position of Polar Question Particles | No question particle | Word Order | comment | |
| 93A | Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions | Not initial interrogative phrase | Word Order | comment | |
| 95A | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase | OV and Prepositions | Word Order |
comment
examples |
|
| 96A | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun | OV and NRel | Word Order | comment | |
| 97A | Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun | OV and NAdj | Word Order | comment | |
| 98A | Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases | Nominative - accusative (standard) | Simple Clauses |
comment
examples |
|
| 99A | Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns | Neutral | Simple Clauses |
comment
examples |
|
| 100A | Alignment of Verbal Person Marking | Accusative | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 101A | Expression of Pronominal Subjects | Subject affixes on verb | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 102A | Verbal Person Marking | Only the A argument | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 103A | Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking | No zero realization | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 104A | Order of Person Markers on the Verb | A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 105A | Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' | Indirect-object construction | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 107A | Passive Constructions | Present | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 108A | Antipassive Constructions | No antipassive | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 108B | Productivity of the Antipassive Construction | no antipassive | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 109A | Applicative Constructions | No applicative construction | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 109B | Other Roles of Applied Objects | No applicative construction | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 111A | Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions | Morphological but no compound | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 112A | Negative Morphemes | Negative affix | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 113A | Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation | Asymmetric | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 114A | Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation | A/Fin | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 115A | Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation | Negative existential construction | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 116A | Polar Questions | Interrogative verb morphology | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 118A | Predicative Adjectives | Mixed | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 119A | Nominal and Locational Predication | Different | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 120A | Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals | Possible | Simple Clauses | comment | |
| 124A | 'Want' Complement Subjects | Subject is left implicit | Complex Sentences | comment | |
| 125A | Purpose Clauses | Deranked | Complex Sentences | comment | |
| 126A | 'When' Clauses | Deranked | Complex Sentences | comment | |
| 127A | Reason Clauses | Deranked | Complex Sentences | comment | |
| 131A | Numeral Bases | Decimal | Lexicon |
comment
examples |
|
| 143A | Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb | [V-Neg] | Word Order | comment | |
| 143E | Preverbal Negative Morphemes | None | Word Order | comment | |
| 143F | Postverbal Negative Morphemes | [V-Neg] | Word Order | comment | |
| 143G | Minor morphological means of signaling negation | None | Word Order | comment | |
| 144A | Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb | MorphNeg | Word Order | comment | |
| 144L | The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages | SO[V-Neg] | Word Order | comment | |
| 144P | NegSOV Order | No NegSOV | Word Order | comment | |
| 144Q | SNegOV Order | No SNegOV | Word Order | comment | |
| 144R | SONegV Order | No SONegV | Word Order | comment | |
| 144S | SOVNeg Order | Suffix&NoDoubleNeg | Word Order | comment |
