| 1A |
Consonant Inventories |
Moderately small |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 2A |
Vowel Quality Inventories |
Average (5-6) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 3A |
Consonant-Vowel Ratio |
Average |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 4A |
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives |
In both plosives and fricatives |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 5A |
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems |
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 6A |
Uvular Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 7A |
Glottalized Consonants |
Implosives only |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 8A |
Lateral Consonants |
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 11A |
Front Rounded Vowels |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 12A |
Syllable Structure |
Moderately complex |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 13A |
Tone |
Complex tone system |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 14A |
Fixed Stress Locations |
No fixed stress |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 15A |
Weight-Sensitive Stress |
Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 16A |
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems |
Combined |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 17A |
Rhythm Types |
No rhythmic stress |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 18A |
Absence of Common Consonants |
All present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 19A |
Presence of Uncommon Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 26A |
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology |
Strongly suffixing |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 28A |
Case Syncretism |
No case marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 29A |
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking |
No subject person/number marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 33A |
Coding of Nominal Plurality |
Plural prefix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 35A |
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns |
Person-number stem |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 36A |
The Associative Plural |
Unique periphrastic associative plural |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 37A |
Definite Articles |
Definite word distinct from demonstrative |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 39A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns |
Inclusive/exclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 40A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 41A |
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives |
No distance contrast |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 42A |
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives |
Identical |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 44A |
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns |
In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 45A |
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns |
No politeness distinction |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 48A |
Person Marking on Adpositions |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 49A |
Number of Cases |
Exclusively borderline case-marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 50A |
Asymmetrical Case-Marking |
Symmetrical |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
Case suffixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 52A |
Comitatives and Instrumentals |
Identity |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 53A |
Ordinal Numerals |
First, two-th, three-th |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 57A |
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes |
Possessive suffixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 64A |
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction |
Identity |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 69A |
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes |
Tense-aspect suffixes |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 70A |
The Morphological Imperative |
No second-person imperatives |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 71A |
The Prohibitive |
Special imperative + special negative |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 72A |
Imperative-Hortative Systems |
Both types of system |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 73A |
The Optative |
Inflectional optative absent |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 74A |
Situational Possibility |
Verbal constructions |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 75A |
Epistemic Possibility |
Other |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 76A |
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking |
No overlap |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 77A |
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality |
No grammatical evidentials |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 78A |
Coding of Evidentiality |
No grammatical evidentials |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
SVO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
SV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
VO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
Noun-Genitive |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
Noun-Adjective |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Noun-Demonstrative |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Noun-Numeral |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Noun-Relative clause |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90C |
Postnominal relative clauses |
Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
Final |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 93A |
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions |
Not initial interrogative phrase |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 94A |
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause |
Initial subordinator word |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
VO and Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
VO and NRel |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
VO and NAdj |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 98A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 99A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 100A |
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking |
Accusative |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 102A |
Verbal Person Marking |
Only the P argument |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 103A |
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking |
No person marking |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 104A |
Order of Person Markers on the Verb |
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 105A |
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' |
Indirect-object construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 107A |
Passive Constructions |
Absent |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 112A |
Negative Morphemes |
Negative particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 113A |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Both |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 114A |
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation |
A/Cat |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 115A |
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation |
Predicate negation also present |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Question particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 124A |
'Want' Complement Subjects |
Subject is left implicit |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
VNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
VNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144A |
Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb |
SVONeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144B |
Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb |
End, not immed postverbal |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144D |
The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages |
SVONeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144H |
NegSVO Order |
No NegSVO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144I |
SNegVO Order |
No SNegVO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144J |
SVNegO Order |
No SVNegO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144K |
SVONeg Order |
NoDoubleNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
