Kunama

WALS coordinates: 14° 30′ N, 37° E

spoken in Eritrea, Ethiopia

Find examples here.

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Kunama
Routledge:
Other:
  • Baza
ISO 639-3:

Features

ID Feature Value Area References  
1A Consonant Inventories Average Phonology
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2A Vowel Quality Inventories Average (5-6) Phonology
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3A Consonant-Vowel Ratio Average Phonology
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4A Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In plosives alone Phonology
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5A Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Missing /p/ Phonology
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6A Uvular Consonants None Phonology
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7A Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants Phonology
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8A Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals Phonology
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9A The Velar Nasal Initial velar nasal Phonology
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10A Vowel Nasalization Contrast absent Phonology
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11A Front Rounded Vowels None Phonology
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12A Syllable Structure Moderately complex Phonology
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13A Tone Simple tone system Phonology
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14A Fixed Stress Locations No fixed stress Phonology
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15A Weight-Sensitive Stress Right-oriented: One of the last three Phonology
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16A Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems Lexical stress Phonology
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17A Rhythm Types Undetermined Phonology
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18A Absence of Common Consonants All present Phonology
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19A Presence of Uncommon Consonants None Phonology
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20A Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Isolating/concatenative Morphology
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21A Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives Monoexponential case Morphology
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21B Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection monoexponential TAM Morphology
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23A Locus of Marking in the Clause Dependent marking Morphology
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24A Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Dependent marking Morphology
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25A Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Dependent-marking Morphology
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25B Zero Marking of A and P Arguments Non-zero marking Morphology
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26A Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Weakly suffixing Morphology
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28A Case Syncretism No case marking Morphology
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29A Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Syncretic Morphology
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examples
33A Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural clitic Nominal Categories
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35A Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix Nominal Categories
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37A Definite Articles Definite affix Nominal Categories
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38A Indefinite Articles No indefinite, but definite article Nominal Categories
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39A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns Inclusive/exclusive Nominal Categories
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examples
40A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection Inclusive/exclusive Nominal Categories
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examples
41A Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Two-way contrast Nominal Categories
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examples
42A Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Different stem Nominal Categories
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examples
44A Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions Nominal Categories
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45A Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction Nominal Categories
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47A Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Differentiated Nominal Categories
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48A Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking Nominal Categories
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49A Number of Cases 6-7 cases Nominal Categories
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50A Asymmetrical Case-Marking Symmetrical Nominal Categories
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51A Position of Case Affixes Postpositional clitics Nominal Categories
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52A Comitatives and Instrumentals Differentiation Nominal Categories
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examples
53A Ordinal Numerals First, two-th, three-th Nominal Categories
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57A Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes Possessive suffixes Nominal Categories
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58A Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent Nominal Syntax
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58B Number of Possessive Nouns None reported Nominal Syntax
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59A Possessive Classification Two classes Nominal Syntax
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63A Noun Phrase Conjunction 'And' identical to 'with' Nominal Syntax
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69A Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes Verbal Categories
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70A The Morphological Imperative Second singular and second plural Verbal Categories
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71A The Prohibitive Normal imperative + special negative Verbal Categories
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72A Imperative-Hortative Systems Maximal system Verbal Categories
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74A Situational Possibility Verbal constructions Verbal Categories
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77A Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials Verbal Categories
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78A Coding of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials Verbal Categories
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79A Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect None Verbal Categories
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79B Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives Imperative Verbal Categories
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80A Verbal Number and Suppletion Singular-dual-plural triples, suppletion Verbal Categories
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examples
81A Order of Subject, Object and Verb SOV Word Order
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82A Order of Subject and Verb SV Word Order
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83A Order of Object and Verb OV Word Order
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85A Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions Word Order
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86A Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun Word Order
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87A Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective Word Order
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88A Order of Demonstrative and Noun Noun-Demonstrative Word Order
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89A Order of Numeral and Noun Noun-Numeral Word Order
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90A Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause Word Order
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90C Postnominal relative clauses Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant Word Order
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91A Order of Degree Word and Adjective Degree word-Adjective Word Order
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92A Position of Polar Question Particles No question particle Word Order
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95A Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase OV and Postpositions Word Order
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96A Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun OV and NRel Word Order
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97A Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun OV and NAdj Word Order
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98A Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Nominative - accusative (standard) Simple Clauses
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examples
99A Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Nominative - accusative (standard) Simple Clauses
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examples
100A Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Accusative Simple Clauses
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101A Expression of Pronominal Subjects Subject affixes on verb Simple Clauses
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102A Verbal Person Marking Both the A and P arguments Simple Clauses
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103A Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking Zero in all 3sg forms Simple Clauses
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104A Order of Person Markers on the Verb A and P are fused Simple Clauses
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105A Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Indirect-object construction Simple Clauses
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107A Passive Constructions Present Simple Clauses
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110A Periphrastic Causative Constructions Both Simple Clauses
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111A Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound Simple Clauses
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112A Negative Morphemes Negative affix Simple Clauses
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113A Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Both Simple Clauses
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114A Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation A/Cat Simple Clauses
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116A Polar Questions Interrogative verb morphology Simple Clauses
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117A Predicative Possession 'Have' Simple Clauses
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118A Predicative Adjectives Mixed Simple Clauses
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119A Nominal and Locational Predication Different Simple Clauses
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120A Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Possible Simple Clauses
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122A Relativization on Subjects Gap Complex Sentences
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123A Relativization on Obliques Gap Complex Sentences
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131A Numeral Bases Decimal Lexicon
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143A Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb [V-Neg] Word Order
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143E Preverbal Negative Morphemes None Word Order
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143F Postverbal Negative Morphemes [V-Neg] Word Order
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143G Minor morphological means of signaling negation None Word Order
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144A Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb MorphNeg Word Order
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144L The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages SO[V-Neg] Word Order
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144P NegSOV Order No NegSOV Word Order
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144Q SNegOV Order No SNegOV Word Order
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144R SONegV Order No SONegV Word Order
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144S SOVNeg Order Suffix&NoDoubleNeg Word Order
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