Krongo

WALS coordinates: 10° 30′ N, 30° E

spoken in Sudan

Find examples here.

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Krongo
Routledge:
Other:
  • Kurungu
ISO 639-3:

Features

ID Feature Value Area References  
1A Consonant Inventories Average Phonology
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2A Vowel Quality Inventories Large (7-14) Phonology
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3A Consonant-Vowel Ratio Moderately low Phonology
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4A Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives No voicing constrast Phonology
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5A Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Other Phonology
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6A Uvular Consonants None Phonology
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7A Glottalized Consonants Implosives only Phonology
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8A Lateral Consonants /l/, no obstruent laterals Phonology
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9A The Velar Nasal Initial velar nasal Phonology
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10A Vowel Nasalization Contrast absent Phonology
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11A Front Rounded Vowels None Phonology
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12A Syllable Structure Moderately complex Phonology
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13A Tone Simple tone system Phonology
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14A Fixed Stress Locations No fixed stress Phonology
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15A Weight-Sensitive Stress Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere Phonology
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16A Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems Prominence Phonology
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17A Rhythm Types Undetermined Phonology
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18A Absence of Common Consonants All present Phonology
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19A Presence of Uncommon Consonants None Phonology
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20A Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Exclusively concatenative Morphology
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21A Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives No case Morphology
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21B Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection monoexponential TAM Morphology
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22A Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb 4-5 categories per word Morphology
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23A Locus of Marking in the Clause No marking Morphology
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24A Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Dependent marking Morphology
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25A Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Inconsistent or other Morphology
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25B Zero Marking of A and P Arguments Non-zero marking Morphology
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26A Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Weakly prefixing Morphology
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27A Reduplication No productive reduplication Morphology
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28A Case Syncretism Core and non-core Morphology
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examples
29A Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Not syncretic Morphology
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33A Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural prefix Nominal Categories
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34A Occurrence of Nominal Plurality All nouns, always obligatory Nominal Categories
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35A Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number stem Nominal Categories
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36A The Associative Plural Associative same as additive plural Nominal Categories
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examples
37A Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article Nominal Categories
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38A Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article Nominal Categories
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39A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns Inclusive/exclusive Nominal Categories
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40A Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection Inclusive/exclusive Nominal Categories
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41A Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Three-way contrast Nominal Categories
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42A Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Identical Nominal Categories
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44A Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns 3rd person singular only Nominal Categories
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45A Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns No politeness distinction Nominal Categories
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48A Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking Nominal Categories
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49A Number of Cases 6-7 cases Nominal Categories
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50A Asymmetrical Case-Marking Syncretism in relevant NP-types Nominal Categories
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51A Position of Case Affixes Case prefixes Nominal Categories
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examples
52A Comitatives and Instrumentals Differentiation Nominal Categories
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examples
53A Ordinal Numerals One, two, three Nominal Categories
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57A Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes No possessive affixes Nominal Categories
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58A Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent Nominal Syntax
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58B Number of Possessive Nouns None reported Nominal Syntax
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59A Possessive Classification Two classes Nominal Syntax
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62A Action Nominal Constructions Possessive-Accusative Nominal Syntax
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examples
64A Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Differentiation Nominal Syntax
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65A Perfective/Imperfective Aspect Grammatical marking Verbal Categories
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66A The Past Tense No past tense Verbal Categories
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67A The Future Tense No inflectional future Verbal Categories
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68A The Perfect Other perfect Verbal Categories
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69A Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Mixed type Verbal Categories
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70A The Morphological Imperative Second singular and second plural Verbal Categories
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71A The Prohibitive Special imperative + special negative Verbal Categories
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72A Imperative-Hortative Systems Maximal system Verbal Categories
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73A The Optative Inflectional optative absent Verbal Categories
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74A Situational Possibility Verbal constructions Verbal Categories
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75A Epistemic Possibility Other Verbal Categories
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77A Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials Verbal Categories
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78A Coding of Evidentiality No grammatical evidentials Verbal Categories
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79A Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect None Verbal Categories
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79B Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives Hortative Verbal Categories
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80A Verbal Number and Suppletion Singular-plural pairs, suppletion Verbal Categories
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examples
81A Order of Subject, Object and Verb VSO Word Order
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82A Order of Subject and Verb VS Word Order
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83A Order of Object and Verb VO Word Order
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84A Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb VOX Word Order
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86A Order of Genitive and Noun Noun-Genitive Word Order
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87A Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective Word Order
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88A Order of Demonstrative and Noun Noun-Demonstrative Word Order
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89A Order of Numeral and Noun Noun-Numeral Word Order
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90A Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause Word Order
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90C Postnominal relative clauses Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant Word Order
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91A Order of Degree Word and Adjective No dominant order Word Order
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92A Position of Polar Question Particles No question particle Word Order
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93A Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Not initial interrogative phrase Word Order
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94A Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Initial subordinator word Word Order
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96A Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun VO and NRel Word Order
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97A Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun VO and NAdj Word Order
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98A Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Neutral Simple Clauses
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99A Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Neutral Simple Clauses
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examples
100A Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Neutral Simple Clauses
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101A Expression of Pronominal Subjects Mixed Simple Clauses
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102A Verbal Person Marking No person marking Simple Clauses
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103A Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No person marking Simple Clauses
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104A Order of Person Markers on the Verb A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb Simple Clauses
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105A Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Indirect-object construction Simple Clauses
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examples
106A Reciprocal Constructions Identical to reflexive Simple Clauses
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107A Passive Constructions Present Simple Clauses
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108A Antipassive Constructions Implicit patient Simple Clauses
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108B Productivity of the Antipassive Construction productive Simple Clauses
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109A Applicative Constructions Benefactive and other; both bases Simple Clauses
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109B Other Roles of Applied Objects Locative Simple Clauses
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110A Periphrastic Causative Constructions Purposive but no sequential Simple Clauses
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111A Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Neither Simple Clauses
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112A Negative Morphemes Double negation Simple Clauses
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113A Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Both Simple Clauses
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114A Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation A/Fin Simple Clauses
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116A Polar Questions Interrogative verb morphology Simple Clauses
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117A Predicative Possession 'Have' Simple Clauses
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118A Predicative Adjectives Verbal encoding Simple Clauses
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119A Nominal and Locational Predication Different Simple Clauses
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120A Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Impossible Simple Clauses
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121A Comparative Constructions Locational Simple Clauses
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122A Relativization on Subjects Gap Complex Sentences
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123A Relativization on Obliques Pronoun-retention Complex Sentences
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124A 'Want' Complement Subjects Subject is left implicit Complex Sentences
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125A Purpose Clauses Deranked Complex Sentences
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126A 'When' Clauses Balanced Complex Sentences
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127A Reason Clauses Balanced Complex Sentences
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128A Utterance Complement Clauses Balanced/deranked Complex Sentences
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129A Hand and Arm Identical Lexicon
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130A Finger and Hand Different Lexicon
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131A Numeral Bases Pure vigesimal Lexicon
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136A M-T Pronouns No M-T pronouns Lexicon
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136B M in First Person Singular No m in first person singular Lexicon
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137A N-M Pronouns No N-M pronouns Lexicon
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137B M in Second Person Singular No m in second person singular Lexicon
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138A Tea Words derived from Sinitic cha Lexicon
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examples
143A Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ObligDoubleNeg Word Order
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143B Obligatory Double Negation NegVNeg Word Order
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143E Preverbal Negative Morphemes NegV Word Order
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143F Postverbal Negative Morphemes VNeg Word Order
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143G Minor morphological means of signaling negation None Word Order
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144A Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb ObligDoubleNeg Word Order
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144T The Position of Negative Morphemes in Verb-Initial Languages ObligDoubleNeg Word Order
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144U Double negation in verb-initial languages NegVSONeg Word Order
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144V Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative Word&OnlyWithAnotherNeg Word Order
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144W Verb-Initial with Negative that is Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object None Word Order
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144X Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative OnlyWithAnotherNeg Word Order
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