Family: Nilo-Saharan
Genus: Songhay

Koyraboro Senni

WALS coordinates: 16° N, 0° E

Find examples here.

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:	Songhay, Koyraboro Senni
Ruhlen:	Songhai
Routledge:	Songhai
Other:	Koyraboro Senni Songhay, Songhai (Koyraboro Senni), Songhay (Koyraboro Senni), Songhai, Gao dialect, Songhai (Gao)
ISO 639-3:	ses

Features

ID	Feature	Value	Area
1A	Consonant Inventories	Moderately small	Phonology	comment
2A	Vowel Quality Inventories	Average (5-6)	Phonology	comment
3A	Consonant-Vowel Ratio	Average	Phonology	comment
4A	Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives	In plosives alone	Phonology	comment
5A	Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems	Missing /p/	Phonology	comment
6A	Uvular Consonants	None	Phonology	comment
7A	Glottalized Consonants	No glottalized consonants	Phonology	comment
8A	Lateral Consonants	/l/, no obstruent laterals	Phonology	comment
9A	The Velar Nasal	Initial velar nasal	Phonology	comment
11A	Front Rounded Vowels	None	Phonology	comment
18A	Absence of Common Consonants	All present	Phonology	comment
19A	Presence of Uncommon Consonants	None	Phonology	comment
26A	Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology	Little affixation	Morphology	comment
28A	Case Syncretism	No case marking	Morphology	comment
29A	Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking	No subject person/number marking	Morphology	comment
30A	Number of Genders	None	Nominal Categories	comment
31A	Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems	No gender	Nominal Categories	comment
32A	Systems of Gender Assignment	No gender	Nominal Categories	comment
33A	Coding of Nominal Plurality	Plural clitic	Nominal Categories	comment
35A	Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns	Person-number stem	Nominal Categories	comment
36A	The Associative Plural	Associative same as additive plural	Nominal Categories	comment examples
37A	Definite Articles	Definite word distinct from demonstrative	Nominal Categories	comment
38A	Indefinite Articles	No indefinite, but definite article	Nominal Categories	comment
39A	Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns	No inclusive/exclusive	Nominal Categories	comment examples
40A	Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection	No person marking	Nominal Categories	comment
41A	Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives	No distance contrast	Nominal Categories	comment examples
42A	Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives	Identical	Nominal Categories	comment examples
43A	Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives	Unrelated	Nominal Categories	comment examples
44A	Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns	No gender distinctions	Nominal Categories	comment
45A	Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns	No politeness distinction	Nominal Categories	comment
46A	Indefinite Pronouns	Generic-noun-based	Nominal Categories	comment
47A	Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns	Differentiated	Nominal Categories	comment
48A	Person Marking on Adpositions	No person marking	Nominal Categories	comment
49A	Number of Cases	No morphological case-marking	Nominal Categories	comment
50A	Asymmetrical Case-Marking	Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical	Nominal Categories	comment
51A	Position of Case Affixes	No case affixes or adpositional clitics	Nominal Categories	comment
53A	Ordinal Numerals	First/one-th, two-th, three-th	Nominal Categories	comment
57A	Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes	No possessive affixes	Nominal Categories	comment
62A	Action Nominal Constructions	Restricted	Nominal Syntax	comment examples
64A	Nominal and Verbal Conjunction	Differentiation	Nominal Syntax	comment
65A	Perfective/Imperfective Aspect	Grammatical marking	Verbal Categories	comment
66A	The Past Tense	No past tense	Verbal Categories	comment
67A	The Future Tense	No inflectional future	Verbal Categories	comment
68A	The Perfect	No perfect	Verbal Categories	comment
69A	Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes	No tense-aspect inflection	Verbal Categories	comment
70A	The Morphological Imperative	Second singular and second plural	Verbal Categories	comment
71A	The Prohibitive	Special imperative + special negative	Verbal Categories	comment
72A	Imperative-Hortative Systems	Both types of system	Verbal Categories	comment
73A	The Optative	Inflectional optative absent	Verbal Categories	comment
74A	Situational Possibility	Verbal constructions	Verbal Categories	comment
76A	Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking	Overlap for either possibility or necessity	Verbal Categories	comment
77A	Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality	No grammatical evidentials	Verbal Categories	comment
78A	Coding of Evidentiality	No grammatical evidentials	Verbal Categories	comment
79A	Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect	None	Verbal Categories	comment
79B	Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives	Imperative	Verbal Categories	comment
80A	Verbal Number and Suppletion	None	Verbal Categories	comment
81A	Order of Subject, Object and Verb	SOV	Word Order	comment
82A	Order of Subject and Verb	SV	Word Order	comment
83A	Order of Object and Verb	OV	Word Order	comment
84A	Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb	OVX	Word Order	comment examples
85A	Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase	Postpositions	Word Order	comment
86A	Order of Genitive and Noun	Genitive-Noun	Word Order	comment
87A	Order of Adjective and Noun	Noun-Adjective	Word Order	comment
88A	Order of Demonstrative and Noun	Noun-Demonstrative	Word Order	comment
89A	Order of Numeral and Noun	Noun-Numeral	Word Order	comment
90A	Order of Relative Clause and Noun	Noun-Relative clause	Word Order	comment
90C	Postnominal relative clauses	Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant	Word Order	comment
92A	Position of Polar Question Particles	In either of two positions	Word Order	comment
93A	Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions	Initial interrogative phrase	Word Order	comment
94A	Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause	Initial subordinator word	Word Order	comment
95A	Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase	OV and Postpositions	Word Order	comment
96A	Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun	OV and NRel	Word Order	comment
97A	Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun	OV and NAdj	Word Order	comment
98A	Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases	Neutral	Simple Clauses	comment examples
99A	Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns	Neutral	Simple Clauses	comment examples
100A	Alignment of Verbal Person Marking	Neutral	Simple Clauses	comment
101A	Expression of Pronominal Subjects	Obligatory pronouns in subject position	Simple Clauses	comment
102A	Verbal Person Marking	No person marking	Simple Clauses	comment
103A	Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking	No person marking	Simple Clauses	comment
104A	Order of Person Markers on the Verb	A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb	Simple Clauses	comment
105A	Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'	Mixed	Simple Clauses	comment
106A	Reciprocal Constructions	Distinct from reflexive	Simple Clauses	comment examples
107A	Passive Constructions	Present	Simple Clauses	comment
108A	Antipassive Constructions	Implicit patient	Simple Clauses	comment
108B	Productivity of the Antipassive Construction	productive	Simple Clauses	comment
109A	Applicative Constructions	Non-benefactive object; both bases	Simple Clauses	comment
109B	Other Roles of Applied Objects	Instrument	Simple Clauses	comment
110A	Periphrastic Causative Constructions	Both	Simple Clauses	comment
111A	Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions	Both	Simple Clauses	comment
112A	Negative Morphemes	Negative particle	Simple Clauses	comment
113A	Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation	Both	Simple Clauses	comment
114A	Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation	A/Cat	Simple Clauses	comment examples
115A	Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation	Predicate negation also present	Simple Clauses	comment
116A	Polar Questions	Question particle	Simple Clauses	comment
122A	Relativization on Subjects	Gap	Complex Sentences	comment
123A	Relativization on Obliques	Gap	Complex Sentences	comment
124A	'Want' Complement Subjects	Subject is expressed overtly	Complex Sentences	comment
131A	Numeral Bases	Decimal	Lexicon	comment examples
136A	M-T Pronouns	No M-T pronouns	Lexicon	comment
136B	M in First Person Singular	No m in first person singular	Lexicon	comment
137A	N-M Pronouns	No N-M pronouns	Lexicon	comment
137B	M in Second Person Singular	No m in second person singular	Lexicon	comment
138A	Tea	Others	Lexicon	comment examples
143A	Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb	NegV	Word Order	comment
143E	Preverbal Negative Morphemes	NegV	Word Order	comment
143F	Postverbal Negative Morphemes	None	Word Order	comment
143G	Minor morphological means of signaling negation	None	Word Order	comment
144A	Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb	SNegOV	Word Order	comment
144B	Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb	Preverbal, not beginning or immed	Word Order	comment
144L	The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages	SNegOV	Word Order	comment
144P	NegSOV Order	No NegSOV	Word Order	comment
144Q	SNegOV Order	NoDoubleNeg	Word Order	comment
144R	SONegV Order	No SONegV	Word Order	comment
144S	SOVNeg Order	NoSOVNeg	Word Order	comment