| 1A |
Consonant Inventories |
Moderately large |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 2A |
Vowel Quality Inventories |
Large (7-14) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 3A |
Consonant-Vowel Ratio |
Average |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 4A |
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives |
In both plosives and fricatives |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 5A |
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems |
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 6A |
Uvular Consonants |
Uvular stops only |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 7A |
Glottalized Consonants |
No glottalized consonants |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 8A |
Lateral Consonants |
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 9A |
The Velar Nasal |
Initial velar nasal |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 11A |
Front Rounded Vowels |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 12A |
Syllable Structure |
Moderately complex |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 13A |
Tone |
Complex tone system |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 18A |
Absence of Common Consonants |
All present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 19A |
Presence of Uncommon Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 20A |
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
Exclusively isolating |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21A |
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
Monoexponential case |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21B |
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection |
monoexponential TAM |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 26A |
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology |
Little affixation |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 30A |
Number of Genders |
None |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 31A |
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems |
No gender |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 32A |
Systems of Gender Assignment |
No gender |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 33A |
Coding of Nominal Plurality |
Plural suffix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 35A |
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns |
Person stem + nominal plural affix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 36A |
The Associative Plural |
Associative same as additive plural |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 37A |
Definite Articles |
Demonstrative word used as definite article |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 38A |
Indefinite Articles |
Indefinite word same as 'one' |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 43A |
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives |
Unrelated |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 44A |
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns |
No gender distinctions |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 48A |
Person Marking on Adpositions |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 52A |
Comitatives and Instrumentals |
Differentiation |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 55A |
Numeral Classifiers |
Obligatory |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 63A |
Noun Phrase Conjunction |
'And' different from 'with' |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 65A |
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect |
No grammatical marking |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 66A |
The Past Tense |
No past tense |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 67A |
The Future Tense |
No inflectional future |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 68A |
The Perfect |
Other perfect |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 73A |
The Optative |
Inflectional optative absent |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 77A |
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality |
Indirect only |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 78A |
Coding of Evidentiality |
Separate particle |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
SOV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
SV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
OV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Postpositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
Genitive-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Noun-Demonstrative |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Noun-Numeral |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Relative clause-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90B |
Prenominal relative clauses |
Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 91A |
Order of Degree Word and Adjective |
Adjective-Degree word |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
Final |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 93A |
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions |
Not initial interrogative phrase |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 94A |
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause |
Final subordinator word |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
OV and Postpositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
OV and RelN |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
Other |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 100A |
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 101A |
Expression of Pronominal Subjects |
Optional pronouns in subject position |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 102A |
Verbal Person Marking |
No person marking |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 103A |
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking |
No person marking |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 104A |
Order of Person Markers on the Verb |
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 107A |
Passive Constructions |
Absent |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 110A |
Periphrastic Causative Constructions |
Purposive but no sequential |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 111A |
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions |
Both |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 113A |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Both |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 114A |
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation |
A/Cat |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Question particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 117A |
Predicative Possession |
Topic |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 118A |
Predicative Adjectives |
Verbal encoding |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 119A |
Nominal and Locational Predication |
Different |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 120A |
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals |
Possible |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 142A |
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks |
Other or none |
Other |
|
comment
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144A |
Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb |
SONegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144B |
Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb |
Immed preverbal |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144L |
The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages |
SONegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144P |
NegSOV Order |
No NegSOV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144Q |
SNegOV Order |
No SNegOV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144R |
SONegV Order |
Word&NoDoubleNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144S |
SOVNeg Order |
NoSOVNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
